2017, Vol.13, No.2

Crisisonomy 2023 KCI Impact Factor : 0.64

pISSN : 2466-1198 / eISSN : 2466-1201
https://journal.kci.go.kr/cemtp

South Korea’s fertility rate in 2005 fell to a record of 1.08 per woman, the lowest rate in the Korean history, which has caused many social problems such as decline in working-age population and increase in elderly population. To solve these problems, the Korean government established the policies for low fertility and aging in 2006 and in 2010, but no visible change in fertility rates has been observed. The Korean government presented the third initiative for low fertility and aging society in 2016, but it also faces criticism that the it is not so different from the former policies. Thus, this study aims to find the implications for the appropriate recognition and policy response to low fertility issues based on the experience of Japan which has coped with persistent low fertility for the past decades. By examining the experience of Japan, it is necessary to improve the top-down policy which planned and organized only by the central government in order to increase the fertility rate.

This study aims to analyze the types of governance (market, hierarchy and network) and risk response policy in internet lottery. Market-based governance is related to an illegal private lottery run by private operators who are considered illegal in most countries. It works by exchanging prices and prize money. Hierarchy governance is related to a lottery run by a coalition of national and local governments. It is a market formed by transnational association and legal authority. In network-based governance, the market is operated by the trust among players with global lottery license run by internationally accredited lottery institutions. The risk response policies for Internet lottery in Korea include both regulations such as ethical education, responsible gambling, web access limitation, international litigation and prohibition of domestic participation and compliances such as strengthening competitiveness of domestic lottery industry, legalization of international lottery and participation into international lottery.

This study intends to analyze environmental justice characteristics of the areas expected to be exposed (AEE) to hazardous Hydrofluoric (HF) acid gas in case of leakage accident. The findings from this study include: (1) in comparison to the areas not expected to be exposed (ANEE), the average value of public lands was three times higher, the proportion of children aged 14 years old or less appeared 2 percent higher, and the proportion of elderly aged 65 years old or more appeared 2 percent lower in the AEE, (2) for an increase of hazardous Hydrofluoric (HF) acid gas concentration from 0.1ppm to 0ppm in the AEE to the damage, the average value of public lands decreased while the proportion of children aged 14 years old or less, the proportion of elderly aged 65 years old or more and the average number of children’s facilities increased.