KJCKorea
Journal Central

This article explores the ethical concept of benevolence in relation to animal welfare. At the in dividual level, animal protection in South Korea is largely driven by benevolence: a primordial, emotional virtue whose target varies by individual, context, and time. This variation often leads to conflict. Conflicts, such as the 2021 incident at Seoul National University of Science and Technology, illustrate how differing targets of benevolence—like protecting birds versus stray cats—can create irreconcilable tensions. Local governments apply negative utilitarianism, aiming to reduce immediate public discomfort rather than ad dressing root causes. The central government, by contrast, follows a dual strategy: implementing anthro pocentric and sometimes harsh utilitarian policies domestically while aligning with international animal protection standards. Virtue ethics and negative utilitarianism offer practical approaches by focusing on context-specific responses based on feelings like benevolence and pain. Though limited in scope and not uni versally applicable, these frameworks allow for flexible, case-by-case resolutions to animal welfare issues. This evolving ethical equilibrium responds to shifting social values and serves as a functional means of sup porting animal protection efforts.

This paper examines the evolution of the Japanese Empire's colonial development strategies in the early 1930s, focusing on the establishment of the Taiwan Development Co., Ltd. (TDC). Amidst the global economic depression and the formation of the "Yen Block" following the Manchurian Incident, the Japanese Empire sought to restructure its colonial management by building a "Colonization Network" (Takushoku Network). The study highlights that the establishment of TDC was not merely an expansion of metropolitan control, but a strategic response to Taiwan’s internal economic crises, such as the "Rice-Sugar Conflict" (mi-to sokoku). Through an analysis of the "Tropical Industry Investigation Committee" (1935), this paper demonstrates how TDC functioned as a pivotal institution for Taiwan’s industrialization and its economic expansion into South China and Southeast Asia. By analyzing both the local dynamics of colonial Taiwan and the imperial-scale network of colonization companies, this research provides a comprehensive view of the colonial development schemes that have been relatively overlooked in the history of the early 1930s.

This study quantified the instability of the orthography by analyzing the form and frequency of proper nouns in the four translated bibles published in the 1890s. Among them, tried to identify the orthography through the correspondence relationship between the original language and the Korean orthography for the relatively stable "Sŏnggyŏng jik’ae" Volume 1, 2. As a result, it was confirmed that the voiced and voiceless of the original consonant was not reflected in the Korean orthography, and the 'S' of the original consonant was not realized in the Korean orthography. In addition, consonant group orthography within a word was mainly separated by adding '-' in the same way as the current foreign language orthography. Thus, this study suggested that the standardization of orthography can be examined quantitatively based on the actual orthography shown in the literature, We have presented a new method for the study of biblical orthography and the analysis of orthography systems in the enlightenment period. However, follow-up studies are required to clarify the labeling rules more closely.