2017, Vol., No.57

Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences 2023 KCI Impact Factor : 0.39

pISSN : 1598-4230 / eISSN : 2586-7601
https://journal.kci.go.kr/ihss

The Fourth Industrial Revolution, a topic of the times, is characterized by the technological convergence of physics, digital and biology that is laying the foundation for a paradigm shift in society. Both positive and negative views on the Fourth Industrial Revolution emphasize the strengthening of democracy. This is because the Fourth Industrial Revolution is causing a concentration of power. Therefore, this paper examines citizenship for strengthening democracy, and citizenship needed in the fourth industrial revolution era. The paradigmatic changes to be expected from the Fourth Industrial Revolution require a shift of thinking to match them. This transformation of thinking is also valid for citizenship for the smooth functioning of democracy. With regard to the transformation of thinking about citizenship, this paper suggests the need to discuss rights and obligations from a neo-republican perspective in order to articulate the rights and obligations of individual citizens in the community. In relation to the transformation of thinking about freedom, which is an important value from a libertarian point of view, this paper has sought the meaning of freedom from civic virtue for political achievement based on Skinner's argument that it can be found in the absence of arbitrary power. We have also worked Pettit’s view of compliance with the duty of duty in the concept of freedom of non-domination in relation to the obligation of importance from a republican point of view. Such attempts are an important element of democracy needed to solve the problems of the Fourth Industrial Revolution era caused by the concentration of power, based on the absence of arbitrary power and the freedom of non–domination.

This study examine the effect of income on life satisfaction for older people, with a focus on the moderating effect of labor market participation. This study utilized the fifth wave (2014) of a Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging from the Korea Labor Institute including 5,331 older people over 60. For the purpose of the analysis of the research question, this study categorized income by type (annual total income, labor income, and public pension) and used a hierarchical multiple regression analysis. The result shows that total income and labour market participation affect life satisfaction positively, and that labor market participation has a moderating effect on relation to total income and life satisfaction. Labor income has no effect on life satisfaction, but public pension income has positive effect on life satisfaction for older people. and there was no moderating effect on the relations. These results suggest that a need for policy revisions to create high-quality jobs that consider quality of income rather than quantitative expansion of jobs to improve life satisfaction of old age. In addition, they highlight a need to subdivide the labor market for older people and to maintain a proper proportion of public pensions.

The purpose of this study is to understand how counselors who have been given focusing training experience so-called “real relationships” in counseling and appreciate the meaning of the experience. The participants in this study were five individuals with previous experience in the practice of counseling who received focusing training and are presently in counseling practice. In order to dig deeply into their experience, Giorgi's phenomenological research method is applied and three components and eight sub-components are derived. The three components are "experience with a genuine attitude," "experiencing a concrete sense of connection," and "the counselor has also developed as a human being in the relationship." The essential meaning of the real relationship experience of the counselors who have received focusing training can be summarized as "They grow with their clients and establish an interactive and companion-like relationship based on a person―centered attitude and the focusing experience." Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed based on the results of the study.