2007, Vol., No.64

military history 2023 KCI Impact Factor : 0.94

pISSN : 1598-317X / eISSN : 2713-8992
https://journal.kci.go.kr/imhc

The royal power of Goguryeo Dynasty in the latter half of King Munja's(文咨王) reign was weak when compared with the late 5th century. King Anjang(安臧王) who succeeded to the throne after his father began to strengthen royal authority. Goguryeo established diplomatic relations with the North and South Dynasties(南北朝) and watched the development of the situation in the 520's. As the Northern Wei(北魏) fell into disorder and civil war, Goguryeo broke off diplomatic relations with Northern Wei. Accordingly, Goguryeo dispatched an envoy to Yang(梁) in 526, groping for a change in foreign policy. Meanwhile Goguryeo made full defensive preparations and on the other hand it attacked Northen Wei. In this manner, Goguryeo kept close watch over the movements of Northen Wei. King Anjang attacked Baekje(百濟) which underwent a change of the throne. As a result, Goguryeo occupied the Han River Valley(漢水). In addition, King Anjang made a tour of the country so as to see how the people were living, after he had worshipped at the ancestral shrine of the royal family. But, he was assassinated in 531 and political reform was stopped. It seems King Anjang was assassinated by those who opposed his foreign policy. King Anwon(安原王) succeeded to the throne with the help of royal in-laws. However, Goguryeo met with frequent natural disasters during his reign. From this we know that royal power was weakened. As a result, Goguryeo dispatched an envoy to Northen Wei in 532, groping for a change in foreign policy. Since then Goguryeo dispatched envoys to Eastern Wei(東魏) every year. Because Baekje and Silla(新羅) were busy fighting each other over Gaya(加耶), relations with Goguryeo weer stable. Since Baekje attacked Goguryeo in 540, the relations between the two countries grew worse.

In the early days of the Goryeo Dynasty, among the Dohobu(都護府) units the one in Anbuk(安北) was established to function as a central base that would oversee territory colonization in the Northwest region. It was moved from Pyeongyang to Golam-seong(鶻巖城) fortress and then to Nyeongju(寧州). In the meantime, the Anbyeon(安邊) Dohobu was established at Deungju(登州) as a center which would monitor and manage the Northeast region, which was geographically separated from the Northwest region. Initially, Goryeo established the Dohobu units in the process of preparing itself for the Unification war. The Annam(安南) unit was established along the border with Hu-Baekje, and the Andong(安東) unit was settled along the border with Silla. Unlike the Ju(州) units, which had been established in a separated fashion and of which the number gradually increased as Ju units continued to be established, Dohobu units were established to be put in charge of a particular range of area, and oversee that area's administration. Therefore the Dohobu units came to show a characteristic of moving from one location to another, when needs presented themselves. Dohobu units also had the effect of replacing the Jiju Jegun-sa(知州諸軍事) system, which was operated during the Unification war period. After the unification of the late Three dynasties was complete, the administration of the Southern areas of the Korean Peninsula was put under the jurisdiction of the Andong Dohobu and Annam Dohobu units, which both served as regional centers. Both those Dohobu units not only served as military headquarters, but also wide-range overseers(檢覈) which had the responsibility of checking the administrative affairs conducted by the Local Gwanban Officials(在地官班).

This articles is aimed to examine Combined Tactics of Military Carts, Cavalry and Infantry originated from Yang Wan, the high rank General of Late 18th Century. Tactics using Military Carts introduced from Ming China were not generally spreaded in Joseon Forces because of Joseon's topographical characteristics with rugged mountain roads. As manufacturing technology further developed, Military Carts with numerous wheels were devised, and various cannons were loaded unto them to attack enemy cavalry. In addition, Military Carts with a single wheel were invented, which could be moved along even a narrow path in 18th Century. Entering the Middle 18th Century, Qing China fall into crisis at home and abroad and potentialities of the outbreak of war with Qing China and Joseon became higher. Taking advantage of the changing circumstances, Joseon's learned men insisted on occupying Liaodong(遼東) of southern Manchuria. Under these circumstances, the Joseon had to prepare itself for the possibility that the country might be engaging Qing China in a full scale war in southern Manchuria. As a consequence, Military Carts were manufactured and Combined Tactics using the cavalry, infantry, and Military Carts in concert developed such as the ‘Sangseungjin(常勝陣)’ by Song Gyu-bin(宋奎斌) and ‘Nok-gak Geojin(鹿角車陣)’ by Yang Wan. Yang Wan originated so-called ‘Nok-gak Geojin’ and its military organizations, training procedures, and battle practices in Akkidoseol based on his studying Six Flowers Formation(六花陣) of Liweikungwendui(李衛公問對). ‘Nok-gak Geojin’ by Yang Wan shows that Joseon's military science in Late 18th Century had a higher level.