military history 2023 KCI Impact Factor : 0.94
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pISSN : 1598-317X / eISSN : 2713-8992
- https://journal.kci.go.kr/imhc
KJCKorea
Journal Central
Surrounding Great Power’s Policies on the ‘Independent issue of Corea' with Relation to the Sino-Japanese War
- military history
- 2017, (102), pp.151-186
- DOI : 10.29212/mh.2017..102.151
- Publisher : Military History Institute, MND
- Research Area : Humanities > History
1공군사관학교
Accredited
ABSTRACT
The study focuses on the 'independent issue of Corea and the international relations under the situations of the Sino-Japanese War. During the War, 'the independence of Corea', regardless of sovereignty and territorial integrity as an independent nation, was under the restrictions of the structure of strategic interest for the Great Powers including Japan and China. Japan's exclusive ambition over the Korean Peninsula, which pretended to be 'independence of Corea', consistently revealed during the war period. China, on the other hand, wanted to prevent the Korean Peninsula from the falling into the hands of the Japanese as a whole, leaning on the intervention of the Powers. The ambiguous attitudes of China between 'independence of Corea' and suzerainty were one of the major factors in prolonging the war and delaying the peace negotiations.
Of the Powers with concerns in East Asia, the United States hoped to use Japan to terminate China's suzerainty over Corea, open the door to Chinese trade and investment and weaken the influence of Britain and Russia in East Asia. Britain and Russia also checked each other because the partner country might try to expand its power alone in the Korean Peninsula. British Lord Kimberley's 'common intervention' by the powers was a way to prevent Russian monopoly on the Korean Peninsula, and to avoid 'armed intervention'. His proposals of 'joint occupation of Corea' and 'separate Protection' by China and Japan came from a large frame to control Russia, but as a result, it became a guideline to Japan to open the war. Since the beginning of October in 1894, when the war spread to mainland China, Kimberley's proposal, ‘independence of Corea guaranteed by the Powers’, was intended to exclude any power's monopolies on the Korean peninsula including victorious Japan. Russia also hoped to prevent the subjugation of Corea by any power and adopt a wait-and-see policy at least until the completion of the Trans-Siberian Railway. But as soon as Japan's crucial victory threatened the 'independence of Corea and of China', Russia will be involved actively the issue through the Triple Intervention in April 1895.
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[other]
/ No.313, O’Conor to Kimberley, 1894.6.24., Inclosure 2 in No.313, Memorandum by Mr. Drummond, 1894.6.15
[book]
Park Il-Keun
/ 1983
/ Anglo-American Chinese Diplomatic Materials Relating to Korea, 1887-1897
/ 부산대학교 중국문제연구소
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.405, O’Conor to Kimberley, Inclosure 2 in 405
/ BDA
: 240~242
[journal]
고야쓰 노부쿠니
/ 2006
/ 민비암살이란 무엇인가
/ 역사학보
(190)
[book]
森山茂德
/ 1994
/ 청일전쟁의 재조명
/ 한림대학교 아시아문화연구소
: 195~
[journal]
현광호
/ 2008
/
Understanding of ‘Independence of Korea’ of Yu Kil Jun
/ 인문연구
/ 인문과학연구소
(55)
: 417~448
[journal]
김성배
/ 2015
/
The Transformation of the East Asian Political Order and Korea’s Response of 1894
/ 아시아리뷰
/ 아시아연구소
4(2)
: 73~90
[other]
/ 『日本外交文書』 27-2, no.559
: 217~219
[other]
구선희
/ 2006
/ 한국근대사연구
[journal]
Mori Mayuko
/ 2012
/
The Outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War and the Issue of Suzerain-Vassal as Viewed from the Standpoint of Chosŏn
/ International Journal of Korean History
/ 한국사연구소
17(1)
: 29~65
[journal]
최석완
/ 2009
/
Japanese Government and the Outbreak Process of the Sino-Japanese War - the Intervention of the Western Powers and the Opposition Strategy of Japanese Government -
/ 일본역사연구
/ 일본사학회
(29)
: 61~100
[book]
S.C.M. Paine
/ 2003
/ The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1995
/ Cambridge University Press
: 114~
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.16, Cassini to Giers, 1894.6.10(22)
/ KA, CSPSR, Vol.XVII, No.3
: 494~495
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.19, Cassini to Giers, 1894.6.12.(24)
[journal]
B.G. Waber
/ 1932
/ Russian Documents Relating to the Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895
/ Chinese Political and Social Science Review
XVIII(3)
: 496~
[journal]
최문형
/ 1983
/ 국제관계를 통해 본 청일 개전의 동인과 경위
/ 역사학보
99·100
: 244~
[other]
/ No.31, Cassni to Giers
/ KA, CSPSR, Vol.XVII, No.3
: 505~506
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.302, Paget(Tokyo) to Kimberley, 1894.7.8, Inclosure in No.302
/ BDA
: 134~136
[other]
/ 1894
/ Hitrovo to Giers, 1894.6.13(25), No.21
/ KA, CSPSR, Vol.17, No.3
: 497~498
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.23, The Most Devoted Note of Giers, 1894.6.16.(28)
/ KA, CSPSR, Vol.XVII, No.3
: 498~499
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.15, Cassini to Giers, 1894.6.10.(22)
/ KA, CSPSR, Vol.XVII, No.3
: 493~494
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.165, Kimberley to Paget, 1894.7.25
/ BDA
: 74~
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.18, Sill to Gresham(Secretary of State), 1894.6.25, U.S. Foreign Relations of 1894, Appendix I
: 22~24
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.28, Hitrovo to Giers, 1894.6.19.(7.1)
/ KA, CSPSR, Vol.XVII, No.3
: 503~504
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.29, Hitorovo to Giers, 1894. 6.19(7.1)
/ KA, CSPSR, Vol.XVII, No.3
: 504~
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.21, Kimberley to Mr. Paget, 1894.6.28
/ BDA
: 13~
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.39, Hitrovo to Giers, 1894.6.24(7.6)
/ KA, CSPSR, Vol.XVII, No.3
: 509~510
[journal]
김지환
/ 2005
/
Changes of Chinese Diplomatic Policies in the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)
/ 동학연구
/ 한국동학학회
(19)
: 103~134
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.40, Giers to Cassini, No.40, 1894.6.25.(7.7)
/ KA, CSPSR, Vol.XVII, No.3
: 510~
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.43, The Most Devoted Note of Giers, 1894.6.26(7.8)
/ KA, CSPSR, Vol.XVII, No.3
: 512~
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.48, Giers to Cassini, 1894.6.28.(7.10)
/ KA, CSPSR, Vol.XVII, No.3
: 514~
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.46, Kimberley to O’Conor, 1894.7.7
/ BDA
: 24~
[other]
/ 1894
/ Kimberley to Paget, 1894.7.7., No.47
/ BDA
: 24~
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.328. O’Conor to Kimberley, 1894.7.5
/ BDA
: 172~
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.303, Paget to Kimberley, 1894.7.10
/ BDA
: 136~137
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.335, Kimberley to Paget, 1894.8.20
/ BDA
: 181~
[other]
/ 1934
/ No.50, Mohrenheim to Hanotaux, 1894. 6.29(7.11)
/ KA, CSPSR, Vol.XVII, No.4
: 632~633
[journal]
Ge Fuping
/ 2015
/ France and the First Sino-Japanese War, 1894-1895
/ Social Sciences in China
36(4)
: 138~163
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.28, Mr.Gresham to Bayard(the United States’ Minister to Tokio), 1894.7.20
/ PAFR
: 1027~1029
[other]
/ 1894
/ Foreign Office. 405-60, Paget to Kimberley, No.28
[book]
陸奧宗光
/ 1988
/ 蹇蹇錄
/ 명륜당
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.80, Kimberley to O’Conor, 1894.7.14
/ BDA
: 40~
[other]
/ 1894
/ Kimberley to O’Conor, 1894.7.16, No.96, No.97
/ BDA
: 49~
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.96, Kimberley to O’Conor, 1894.7.14
/ BDA
: 49~
[other]
/ 1894
/ F.O. 405-60, No.50, O’Conor to Kimberley
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.183, Kimberley to O'Conor, 1894.7.28
/ BDA
: 81~82
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.186, O'Conor to Kimberley, 1894.7.26
/ BDA
: 83~
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.290, Kimberley to O’Conor, 1894.8.1
/ BDA
: 126~127
[other]
/ No.295, Lascelles to Kimberley, Inclosure in No.295
/ BDA
: 129~130
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.63, Memorandum to the Emperor by Giers, 1894.7.6(18)
/ KA, CSPSR, Vol.XVII, No.4
: 640~641
[other]
/ 1894
/ Sir F.Lascelles to Kimberley, 1894.7.23
/ BDA
: 65~
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.169, O’Conor to Kimberley, 1894.7.25
/ BDA
: 76~77
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.66, Note of Kapnist, 1894.7.7(18)
/ KA, CSPSR, Vol.XVII, No.4
: 643~644
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.248, Phipps to Kimberley, 1894.8.2
/ BDA
: 109~110
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.258, F.Lascelles(St. Petersburg) to Kimberley, 1894.7.30
/ BDA
: 113~114
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.70, Reding(Acting Consul at Shanghai) to Kapnist, 1894.7.10.(22)
/ KA, CSPSR, Vol.XVII, No.4
: 646~
[other]
/ 1894
/ No. 82, Kimberley to Paget, 1894.7.14
/ BDA
: 41~
[other]
/ 1894
/ 『日本外交文書』, 27-2, No.674
: 315~316
[other]
/ 1894
/ 『日本外交文書』, 27-2, No.676
: 317~
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.162, Paget to Kimberley, 1894.7.24
/ BDA
: 73~
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.134, Kimberley to Paget, 1894.7.22
/ BDA
: 62~63
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.135, Kimberley to Consul-General Hannen, 1894.7.22
/ BDA
: 63~
[book]
Ian Nish
/ 1996
/ 청일전쟁의 재조명
/ 한림대학교 아시아문화연구소
[book]
Sneh Mahazan
/ 2002
/ British Foreign Policy 1874-1914, The Role of India
/ Routeledge
: 113~
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.28, Mr.Gresham to Mr. Bayard, July 20, 1894
/ PAFR
: 1027~1029
[journal]
Cui Zhihai
/ 2015
/ The Unites States and the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895
/ Social Sciences in China
36(4)
: 164~192
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.214, Inclosure in No.214, Vice-Admiral Sir E.Fremantle to Admiralty, 1894.8.1, Inclosure in No.214
/ BDA
: 96~97
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.225, Phipps to Kimberley, 1894.8.1
/ BDA
: 100~
[book]
김현철
/ 2006
/ 동아시아의 전쟁과 평화
/ 연세대 출판부
[other]
/ 1894
/ F.O. No.432, O’Conor to Kimberley, 1894.8.2, Inclosure in No.432
/ BDA
: 281~282
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.105, O’Conor to Kimberley, 1894.7.17
/ BDA
: 52~53
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.110.Kimberley to Paget, 1894.7.18
/ BDA
: 54~
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.496, Inclosure in No.496, 1894.8.23
/ BDA
: 353~355
[other]
/ 1894
/ F.O.405, Confidential 6605, No.135 Mr.O’Conor to Kimberley, 1894.9.3, Inclosure 1 in No.135 Gardner to Mr. O’Conor, 1894.8.27
[other]
/ 1894
/ F.O. 405 Confidential 6605, Mr.O’Conor to the Earl of Kimberly, 1894.8.9., Inclosure 2 in No.3 Mr.Otori to his Colleagues
[other]
National Archives
/ 1894
/ Despatches from US Ministers to Japan, roll.64, no.133, Sill to Dun, Jul., 26, 1894, No.133, Dun to Gresham, Aug., 4, 1894
[other]
/ 1894
/ F.O.405, Confidential 6605, No.135 Mr.O’Conor to Kimberley, Sept., 3, 1894. Inclosure 4 in No.135. Precis of Treaty between Japan and Corea, Aug., 26, 1894
[other]
/ 1894
/ F.O.405, Confidential 6605 No.130 Mr.O’Conor to Kimberley, Aug., 25, 1894, Inclosure 1 in No.130 Gardiner to Mr.O’Conor, Seoul, Aug., 17, 1894
[report]
Keith Neilson
/ 1994
/ ‘Britain, Russia and the Sino-Japanese War’, The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-5 in Its International Dimension
/ Suntory-Toyota International, Center for Economics and Related Disciplines, London School of Economics and Political Science
[other]
/ 1894
/ F.O.405, No.407, O’Conor to Kimberley, Oct., 15, 1894. Inclosure in No.407
/ Reuter’s Telegram
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.520, Trench(Tokyo) to Kimberley, 1894.9.1
/ BDA
: 371~
[other]
/ 1932
/ Krasny Arkchiv, T.3(52), Pervui Shagi Russokogo Imperializma na Dalnem Vostoke
: 62~67
[other]
/ 1894
/ F.O. No.420, O’Conor to Kimberley, Oct., 26, 1894, Inclosure 3 in No.420
[journal]
강문호
/ 2009
/
The Reshaping of International Order in 19th Century East-Asia, Focusing on the Relationship of Li Hong-zhang(李鴻章) and Ideung Park-moon(伊藤博文)
/ 동학연구
/ 한국동학학회
(26)
: 81~114
[journal]
Allen Fung
/ 1996
/ Testing the Self-Strengthening: The Chinese Army in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895
/ Modern Asian Studies
/ Cambridge University Press
30(4)
[other]
/ 1894
/ F.O.405, Confidential 6605, No.330, Mr. Gosselin to Kimberley, Berlin
[journal]
Ales Skrivan
/ 2015
/ Great Powers and the Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895
/ Prague Papers on the History of International Relations
(2)
: 22~
[other]
/ 1894
/ North China Herald, 1894.11.16
[book]
최문형
/ 2002
/ 명성황후시해의 진실을 밝힌다
/ 지식산업사
[other]
/ F.O.405, Confidential 6605, Inclosure in No.351
[other]
/ 1894
/ No. 455, Inclosure I in No.455, Consul-General Hillier(Seoul) to Kimberley, 1894.11.8. Inclosure 1 in No.455
/ BDA
: 454~456
[other]
/ 1894
/ F.O. 405, Confidential 6605, No.156, Mr.Trench to Kimberley, Tokio
[other]
/ 1894
/ F.O. 405. No.405, O’Conor to Kimberley
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.102, O’Conor to Kimberley, 1894.10.4
/ BDA
: 387~
[other]
/ 1894
/ F.O.405, Confidential 6605, No.158, Mr. Trench to Kimberley, Tokio
[other]
/ 1894
/ F.O.405, Confidential 6605, No.56. The Earl of Kimberley to Mr. Phipps(E.C.H), Oct., 6, 1894, No.58. Kimberley to Mr. O’Conor
[other]
/ 1894
/ F.O.405, Confidential 6605, No.266, Mr. Trench to Kimberley, Tokio
[other]
/ 1894
/ F.O.405, Confidential 6605, No.266, Mr. Gosselin to Kimberley, Berlin
[other]
/ 1894
/ Kimberley to Rosebery, 1894.11.8. Rosebery Papers 69
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.122, F.Lascelles to Kimberley, 1894.10.14
/ BDA
: 388~
[other]
/ 1894
/ F.O.405 Confidential 6605 No.169, Mr. Gosselin to Kimberley, Berlin
[other]
/ 1894
/ F.O.405, No.389. 1894.1026. Inclosure in No.389
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.266, Trench(P.Le Poer) to Kimberley, 1894.10.11
/ BDA
: 415~416
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.102, O'Conor to Kimberley, 1894.10.10
/ BDA
: 387~
[other]
/ 1894
/ F.O.405 Confidential 6605 No.146, Mr. O’Conor to Kimberley, Peking
[other]
/ 1894
/ F.O.405 Confidential 6605, Mr.Phipps to Kimberley, Paris, No.91
[other]
/ 1894
/ F.O.405 Confidential 6605 No.144, Sir E. Malet to Kimberley, Berlin
[other]
/ 1894
/ F.O.405 Confidential 6605 No.148, Kimberley to O’Conor
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.176, Kimberley to Sir F. Lascelles
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.58, Gresham to Goshen(British Minister of the US), 1894.10.12
/ PAFR
: 1057~
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.383, Goschen to Kimberley, 1894.11.12
/ PAFR
: 432~
[other]
/ 1894
/ F.O.405 Confidential 6605 No.164, Sir F. Lascelles to Kimberley, St. Petersburgh
[other]
/ 1894
/ F.O.405, No.449, O’Conor to Kimberley, Nov., 4, 1894. Inclosure in No.449
[other]
/ 1894
/ F.O. 65/1474, Kimberley to Lascelles, telegram 91
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.69, Denby to Gresham, 1894.11.10
/ PAFR
: 1063~1064
[other]
/ 1894
/ No. 73, Dun to Gresham,, 1894.11.17
/ PAFR
: 1064~1066
[other]
/ 1894
/ No.77, Gresham to Denby, 1894.11.19
/ PAFR
: 1066~
[other]
/ 1894
/ F.O.405, No.414, Sir Lascelles to Kimberley
[other]
/ 1895
/ No.85, F. Lascelles(St.Petersburg) to Kimberley, 1895.1.31, Inclosure in No.85, 1895.1.17(29)
/ BDA
: 479~
[other]
/ 1895
/ F.O.65/1494, Lascelles to Kimberley, telegram 5
[report]
Ian Nish
/ 1994
/ 'Japanese Diplomats and the Sino-Japanese War,' The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-5 in Its International Dimension
/ Suntory-Toyota International Centre for Economics and Related Disciplines
: 63~
[other]
/ 1895
/ F.O.65/1490, Kimberley to Lascelles, despatches 54A
[other]
/ 1895
/ F.O.65/1490, Kimberley to Lascelles, despatches 56
[other]
/ 1895
/ No.143, Kimberley to Lascelles, 1895.2.27
/ BDA
: 491~492
[other]
/ 1895
/ No.30, Lascelles to Kimberley, 1895.4.5
/ BDA
: 511~512