2022, Vol., No.86

Journal of Humanities 2023 KCI Impact Factor : 0.6

pISSN : 1598-8457 / eISSN : 2508-4550
https://journal.kci.go.kr/inmun

This paper examines the context of the translation and introduction of the text in Japan and Manchuria, targeting “Red Mountain” by Kim Dong-in, “Don” by Yi Hyo-seok and “Gasil” by Yi Gwang-su. With the growing interest of the Japanese literary circles in different cultures and the development of the commercial publishing industry, the three novels of colonized Joseon moved to their birthplace of Japan. Subsequently, due to the influence of the minority literature trend, such works were translated into Chinese to inform the reality of Joseon and introduce Joseon literature to Manchuria in 1940, and were published again in A Collection of Joseon Short Stories (Joseon danpyeon soseolseon) in 1941. Looking at the fact that the novels of colonized Joseon made ethnic, linguistic, and literary exchanges in colonial Manchuria, we can see how anti-colonial solidarity in East Asia occurred and how it is expressed through literary activities. Against the integration of East Asia imposed by the Japanese colonialists, intellectuals living in Manchuria borrowed Joseon novels to develop an East Asian anti-colonial solidarity that combines nationalism and internationalism.

This study has analyzed the pattern of cooperatives that spread around Gyeongsangbuk-do from 1927 to the early 1930s and the characteristics of the Hamchang Cooperative at the center. Gyeongsangbuk-do was an area that witnessed a remarkable increase in the number of consumer cooperatives during the period from 1927 to the early 1930s, and at the center was the Hamchang Cooperative. Founded in January 1927, the Hamchang Cooperative emphasized the principle of cooperatives, stipulating restrictions on investment to prevent the abuse of the propertied persons, and promoting democratic operation among the members. In addition, it promoted operations tailored to regional situations, such as investment policies in consideration of the poor, encouraging grain savings, supporting the operation of local night schools, and providing grain at a production cost during the spring austerity season through a reserve fund for loss compensation. Through this, it is possible to examine the combination of the method of operating democratic cooperatives in Europe and the culture of economic solidarity in Korea. The Hamchang Cooperative Model spread around Gyeongsangbuk-do until the early 1930s, and it was widely known across the nation, being boosted by a nationwide lecturing tour planned by the cooperative movement organization. Since 1927, the cooperative principle emphasized by the Hamchang Cooperative has continued to function as an important code of conduct in Korea.

This study aims to interpret 28 verses of “Hanseong-akbu (漢城樂府)” written by Go Seong-gyeom (高聖謙). “Hanseong-akbu” is a collection of 28 verses of a quatrain with seven Chinese characters in each line selected by him from those poems singing the reign of peace and prosperity with focus on the descriptions of the mountains and streams, palaces, prominent figures, rivers, and folklore of the capital. This collection leads the readers to think about the background of their creation including the author’s view of the capital city and also shows that the poems based on Hanyang continued until the mid-19th century. Go Seong-gyeom was worried that there was no poem about Nam Mountain and the Han River to be left for the future generation, even though Hanseong had been established as the nation’s capital over four hundred years since the foundation of the Joseon dynasty and the magnificence of the capital’s scenery including mountains and rivers as well as its customs, cultural relics and institutions are at its highest in the country. That’s the reason why he wrote “Hanseong-akbu” for the purpose of handing it down to the posterity. In addition, the topics and contents were described separately and categorized into three groups: 1) the grandeur of the scenery, castles, and palaces; 2) the rituals held by the government officials including the morning assemblies and the formalities of paying tributes; and 3) various types of figures including the noblemen in high-class society, bold, vigorous and righteous persons, those engaged in big merchandising, famous gisaeng, and marketplaces among others. The representative poems that described Hanyang since the 18th century, are “Seongsijeondosi” written under the command of King Jeongjo and “Hankyongsa” written by Kang Yi-cheon around the same time, and “Hankyoung-jabyoung” written by Kang Se-ryun, Hong Eui-ho, and Kang Jun-heum at the beginning of the 19th century. They reportedly succeeded the trend in the aspect that they all recited the prosperous age of the city and the private and social life around the common space of the national capital. “Hanseong-akbu” shows that such trend continued until the mid-19th century. This is the product of the combination of his spirit of writing, who wanted to leave a legacy of prosperity centering around the nation’s capital and his thought for the classical poem genre of ‘akbu’. Go Seong-gyeom’s “Hanseong-akbu” emphasized melody and rhythm, and differentiated itself from previous works.