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A study on Joseo(詔書) concerning〈natural disaster(天災地變)〉of the Former Era of Koryo

  • Journal of Humanities
  • 2007, (39), pp.121-158
  • Publisher : Institute for Humanities
  • Research Area : Humanities > Other Humanities

Kipyo Hong 1

1성균관대학교

Candidate

ABSTRACT

I had views on the common theme consistent in 629 cases of Joseo of the former era of Koryo. Particularly I took the focus on the national emergency like natural disaster. I could learn how the sovereign and the subjects coped with the national emergency through the 70 cases of Joseo concerning natural disaster. A total 70 cases of Joseo concerning a natural disaster are found in Koryosa and Koryosajeoryo. I divided them all into two categories. One is about the measures taken inside the ruling class ; it includes the practice of the rite of worship(告祭), the urging of self-restraint of sovereign and subjects(君臣 謹愼), the suggestion of the requirements of the time(時務封事) and the pressing for them by Emperor. These functioned as a means of propagating the will of the ruling class to share trials and hardships with people when they confronted the natural disaster. Joseos concerning the rite of worship informed people of their will to overcome the hardships by performing the ceremony on a large scale. Joseos concerning the urging of self-restraint of sovereign and subjects implied the consistent governing principle in that they emphasized the administration with sincerity as ― they believed in a mutual relationship between the natural disaster and self-restraint of the ruling class. The purpose of Joseo concerning the suggestion of the requirements of the time was to foster harmony between heaven and man, sovereign and subjects and the ruling and the ruled class. The other was about the measurements delivered to people in terms of benefaction(施惠) ; it included amnesty․commutation(赦免․減刑), exemption of drafted labor and taxation(租稅․賦役 減免) and almsgiving(賑恤). These Joseos contained the practical and concrete measurements for the sake of common people most suffering from the convulsion of nature. Joseo concerning almsgiving mainly describes as to from arranging the measurements of relieving famine to distributing the relief aid, establishing feeding facilities and encouraging farming. It was most frequently issued as it was the most urgent and close to home. Most of the recipients of relief aids were mainly on the outskirts of Gagyung(開京) and its northen regions near the border. Benefactions were distributed during the spring shortage(春窮期). Joseo concerning amnesty(赦免) and commutation was issued as it was regarded as a means of overcoming the natural disaster to dissolve the grudge of people and enforce a fair justice. The government office in charge of the service was the Ministry of Justice(刑部) and enforced the commutation of from retrial(再審) to hanging and beheading(二罪) on a large scale. Joseo concerning exemption of drafted labor and taxation specified the scale of exemption according to the degree of damage ; there were more cases concerning exemption of taxation than those of drafted labor.

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