KJCKorea
Journal Central

‘Sex’ and ‘gender’ are important terms that are often used interchangeably in scientific literature and even legislation, but they are two profoundly different concepts. In theory, sex refers to the characteristics that are biologically determined, whereas gender refers to socially or culturally constructed aspects. Many scholars in the 1970s turned their point of view from biologically determined aspects(sex) to socio-culturally constructed aspects(gender). However, in Mongolia, these perspectives have been almost contemporarily discussed since its democratization in the early 1990s. Related policies are adopted objectively according to the will of the newly launched government without sufficient discussion of the difference between the two terms. For this reason, not only these two concepts, which may conflict with each other, are often mistakenly used, but also ambiguous over-determination of gender, especially by sex, is projected into the relevant policies, including the quotas policy. In this paper we define this singularity as ‘over-determination of gender’ with sex, and analyze theoretical challenges of the Mongolia’s quotas policy to increase women’s representation.

The international community does not permit nuclear-developing and nuclear-weapon states to develop nuclear weapons any more. Some countries (Libya, Ukraine, Iraq, and South Africa) have given up their nuclear weapons or declared an international agreement due to their efforts, while others (North Korea, Iran) have failed in denuclearization despite economic sanctions pressures. The main purpose of this thesis is to examine the factors that determine the success or failure of denuclearization through the denuclearization process of Libya, Ukraine, Iraq, South Africa, Iran, and North Korea. Economic sanctions and domestic pressure and control on North Korea and Iran acted as a factor in maintaining the regime rather than giving up its nuclear weapons. The failure of North Korea and Iran to achieve denuclearization despite continuous economic sanctions and return to the point of failure can be found in structural factors. As an international factor among structural constraint factors, although there is a difference in influence, both Iran and North Korea have supported countries, and their existence still has a great influence on the development of nuclear weapons. And one of the domestic factors is internal cohesion. The shared belief of the religious coherence of North Korea's Juche ideology and Iran's Islam can be seen as a decisive factor in the failure of denuclearization. Furthermore, considering that one of the common points of the successful denuclearization cases is that they voluntarily dismantled their nuclear weapons, the international community is not only able to choose denuclearization by itself, rather than external sanctions and pressure, but also to North Korea and Iran, which have strong internal solidarity.

This study analyzes the representation of women in zombie films by focusing on George Romero’s two trilogies and the remake of one of them. Romero defined modern zombies and developed the horror genre through characterization, plot development, and the critique of modern society. Seven zombie films produced or directed by him in the 20th and 21st centuries investigated race, sex, gender, and class issues in American society. His 20th-century trilogy and a remake of one of them reestablished the grammar of female representation in horror movies and developed women’s narratives that reflected the changing roles of women in society. They also touched on the issues of American capitalism, technocracy, and racism, which the director kept a keen eye on until the end of his career. Romero’s 21st-century trilogy did not receive high critical acclaim or commercial success compared with his 20th-century trilogy, which this research argues can be attributed to the changing trends in the zombie film industry. Commercialized and popularized 21st-century zombie movies generated new zombie types in terms of speed and scale but degenerated in terms of female representation. Romero’s last trilogy repeated his social criticism of the previous century and reflected on less poignant and controversial representations of women in current zombie dramas.