KJCKorea
Journal Central

This article examines provisions on marriage and movement, bodily injury, miscarriage, fosterage, and testimony in the 1640 Mongol-Oirat code Ikh Tsaaz, reading the original Oirat transliteration against the existing translations to analyse how seventeenth-century Mongol women’s bodies and affiliations were assessed within units of compensation and relations of liability. Compensation for acts involving women varied not only in scale but in the category of unit applied: the movement of an unbetrothed daughter was reckoned in individual head of livestock, that of a betrothed bride in the higher collective unit of nine head (yesü), while a former wife whose marital tie had dissolved attracted no compensation at all. In the Ikh Tsaaz, women figured simultaneously as objects of assessment and as agents whose volition bore on the outcome of legal judgement. What the code assessed was the rights and liabilities of the kin who surrounded a woman, and these rights persisted in overlapping layers even after marriage: liability for a dowry woman’s marriage, for instance, reverted to her birth father. Sexual violation drew corporal punishment on the offender’s body rather than livestock compensation, so that gender functioned as the criterion determining which injuries were convertible into property and which resulted in bodily penalty. Women’s volition shaped the scale of compensation and the attribution of liability; even slave women’s testimony was admitted when corroborated by material evidence. This agency was not an anomaly resisting the compensatory order but a variable operating within it. Previous scholarship has described Mongol marriage and kinship largely in institutional terms, without examining in detail the specific units and conditions through which value was assigned to women’s bodies and affiliations. This article identifies the units and limits of that calculus and analyses the legal force that women’s volition carried within it. The findings bear on wider debates in comparative legal history concerning the relationship between compensatory regimes and gendered personhood in pre-modern pastoral societies.

This study explores how women PR practitioners perform writing as practices of emotion, relationship, care, and silence within organizational communication. Drawing on Hélène Cixous’s concept of écriture féminine (feminine writing) as the theoretical framework, the research analyzes how women PR practitioners negotiate and articulate their senses and experiences within organizational norms and performance-driven environments. The central research question asks: From what positions within the organization do women PR practitioners perform the languages of emotion, experience, care, relationship, and silence through feminine writing? A collaborative autoethnographic approach was employed, focusing on participants’ self-narratives. Data analysis followed Charmaz’s (2014) constructivist grounded theory, proceeding through initial coding, focused coding, axial coding, and theoretical coding to examine the processual nature of women PR practitioners’ writing practices. The findings are as follows. First, women PR practitioners strategically translate and calibrate emotions within organizational norms and brand strategies. Second, practitioners reconstruct consumers’ bodies, memories, and everyday experiences into sensory language, humanizing the brand as an experiential relational entity. Third, they use relationship-oriented language—such as “we” and “together”—to cultivate a sense of community between the organization and its publics, while simultaneously revealing the ambivalence of such discourse in reinforcing organizational hierarchy. Fourth, the language of care and ethics plays a role in shaping the organization as a humanized entity within ESG and social responsibility communication, yet remains continuously negotiated within performance-oriented organizational cultures. Finally, women practitioners’ writing functions as a political practice that restores emotional labor and gendered experiences, making visible the silenced experiences within the organization. This study contributes by expanding the notion of feminine writing beyond literary discourse into the practical knowledge of PR organizational communication. It also suggests that in AI-driven automated environments, the sensibilities of emotion, relationship, and care may be re-recognized as core professional competencies of human PR practitioners.

This study analyzes 3,432 news articles from 1991 to 2025 to examine the coverage trends and evolution of discourses surrounding egg freezing in South Korea. Media coverage grew in the mid-2010s with the emergence of “social egg freezing” and surged around 2023 as it became a key policy agenda. The discourse on egg freezing evolved through distinct stages: initially framed as a “cuttingedgemedical science conquering infertility,” it transitioned into a “medical remedy for fertility preservation,” further developed into a “life strategy for achieving career and motherhood,” and recently emerged as a “national investment for future births.” These dominant narratives largely aligned with conventional notions of family and reproduction by framing eggs as biotechnological resources for national competitiveness and population policy goals. However, critical discourses questioning the technology’s medical safety and actual live-birth efficacy have gained ground. Furthermore, as diverse reproductive subjects seeking to form families through assisted reproductive technologies (ART) become more visible, demands for expanding ART eligibility and social support are surfacing. Consequently, discussions calling for a fundamental shift in perspective and progressive, forwardlooking approaches to egg freezing are increasingly gaining significant traction.