2008, Vol., No.89

Yellow Sea and trade in ancient East Asia: with focus on Silla in the 8th and the 9th century

Deukyoung Kwon | 2008, (89) | pp.1~48 | number of Cited : 9

Regency of the Queen Mother Hunae in King Mokjong times in Goryeo

권순형 | 2008, (89) | pp.49~86 | number of Cited : 18

This study analysed regency of the Queen Mother Hunae(獻哀王太后) and political character in the period of king Mokjong(穆宗). The Empress Dowager Hunae was the wife of king Geongjong(景宗). When her son[Mokjong] came to the throne, she ruled as regent. She engaged new men of ability, the reason was not only selecting her kindred[親屬] but also governed new politics. she established many government offices for showing a royale family's dignity. Also she improved various institutions like Eumseo(蔭敍), Bongjak(封爵) and Junsigwa(田柴科). Moreover she pursued independent and practical diplomacy, and concentrated national defense through building a castle or putting a military system. Her policies were strengthening of sovereign power and centralism. It succeeded to the policy of the preceding king Seongjong(成宗), but it sublated the rapid following of Chinese politics and maintained a peculiarity of Goryeo relatively. In the age of king Seongjong she was friends with Hojok(豪族) from near capital, and then they were conscious of autonomy and regarded a king as important. After king Mokjong accessed to the throne, they consisted of an administration mainly. At the government of king Mokjong, there were kindred of the Queen Mother Hunae, Hojok from near capital and new bureaucracy with them. She consisted of an administration with them all, and she ruled well. But her son Mokjong didn't have a successor, so she wanted to make an heir to the throne. She committed adultery with her relative Kim-Chiyang(金致陽) and bore a son. She would like to succeed him to Mokjong, so she tried to kill a legal successor Daeryangwongun(대량원군). But many bureaucrats were opposed to her and supported Daeryangwongun. After all they attacked her, she and Mokjong fell. The reason of her ruin was a limit of time that woman wasn't a king. She was the greate woman politician in Goryeo but she didn't estimate properly.

Eunuch Kang Seuk-Ho(姜錫鎬)'s Royalist Activities During Daehan Empire

Jang, Hee Heung | 2008, (89) | pp.87~118 | number of Cited : 7

Kang Suck Ho, Naesi(內侍), took activities of the Pro American sympathizer with Min Young Whan(閔泳煥) in the aftermath of the Gap-O Reform(甲午更張) of 1894. The immediate cause to win King Kojong(高宗)'s favor was motivated for the accident, which the so-called King's Flight to Russian Legation(俄館播遷) took place. With this accident, Kan Such Ho and Lee Bum Jin(李範晋) won official commendation for helping King Kojong go the Russian Legation and then they were appointed as Bong Si(奉侍) like secretaryship at Si Jong Won(侍從院). Since then, they became the King’s gentleman. Kim Young Jun, the Pro-Japanese line, made bad blood among Kojong or Queen Um(嚴妃) two persons and Kang Suck Ho, or planned to assassinate Kang's life, and finally ended in failure. Since then, Kang Such Ho survived as King's gentleman, made an attempt on Pak Yong-Hyo(朴泳孝)'s life and Yu Kiljun(兪吉濬)'s life, or the Pro-Japanese secret agent, and ended in failure in the long run. However the attempt may failed under a plan, this plan showed that Kang such Ho, as King's gentleman carried out in place of king Kojoung. In other words, it appeared to me that these unsuccessful attempt at assassination represented silent resistance against Japanese oppression. Furthermore, it reflected Kojung's intention that Kan delivered the fund into king's emissary at the Hague. But before and after Russian-Japanese War, when Japan oppressed Kojung, Kan also was dismissed from office with colleagues at the recommendation of himself. Because he was reprimanded to assume responsibility for the activity concerned Righteous Army. In light of the dismission or the liquidation from government official within the Royal Court in this time, The work of Japan's oppressive measure to Kojung would be finished by the end of this point. Also, It was the same context to dismiss the Naesibu(內侍府). And then, when Kan turned himself in, his power also became uninfluential.

Discussion on the reconstruction of national culture under U.S military governance

Sangdo Han | 2008, (89) | pp.119~158 | number of Cited : 11

The Estimation of the Economic Order in the ROK Constitution and the Second Amendment of the Constitution, and Its Direction

Yong-Oak Shin | 2008, (89) | pp.159~214 | number of Cited : 9

The amendment of economic articles of the ROK Constitution was proposed in January 1954. After that time, it was withdrawn in March and passed in November. The economic articles revised by the second amendment of the ROK Constitution were 4 articles among 6. Only judging from these articles, it was obvious that the revised economic articles meant the conversion from a controlled economy into a free economic system. But the United States and some media had doubts about the will of Syngman Rhee government which had proposed the amendment bill, and pressured the government to put it into practice. At that time, contrary to the time when the Constitution had been established, the United States thought that the character of the economic order of the Constitution was not socialistic. Thus the United States judged that the important matter was not the amendment of economic provisions, but Syngman Rhee government's willingness to implement the intent of the amendment. The amendment of economic articles of the Constitution was carried out in the situation where the class conflict of the liberation era was defused in a hostile manner through the Korean War, and the postwar society was reorganized by anti-communism. Therefore the ideological spectrum was extremely limited, compared with that of the time when the Constitution which had reflected the class conflict of the liberation era had been established. And more strengthened anti-communism was the guiding principle that defined the substance of the economic order of the divided anti-communist state. The advocates for the amendment of constitution like Syngman Rhee government, Liberal Party, and political-social powers argued that the economic order of the Constitution should be restored to a free economic system, because it was socialistic. Owing to the destruction of war and more strengthened anti-communism, the cause to increase production overwhelmed the cause to build a society of equality. The people who objected to the amendment of constitution thought of the economic order of the Constitution as the revised capitalism to seek the idea of the principal of equality, and emphasized its progressive character in history. But the politicians emphasized that a goal of the revised capitalism was anti-communism, and one of them insisted that the economic order of the Constitution was to reject a monopoly and protect a free economic system. The politicians who objected to the amendment of the constitution agreed on the purpose of the amendment that the controlled economy had to be replaced with the free economic system to increase production. But they objected to the amendment of the constitution, because they thought that the government intended to blame the constitution for the failure of economic policy. Also the opinion of most people like Yu Jin-Oh who considered the economic order of the Constitution as the revised capitalism was similar to that of them. In spite of different evaluations to the economic order of the Constitution and two conflicting opinions about the constitutional amendment, the fixed direction of the economic order after Korea War was limited to that of a free economic system. Unlike with these opinion, there was another point of view. From the viewpoint of state capitalism, a revised capitalism was supported as the heritage of world history, and an underdeveloped economy needed statism and a strong economic plan. But this state capitalism had two moments. One was for sublating state (monopolistic) capitalism and transferring to a new phase of social evolution. Another was for functioning as a mere development strategy of state-led capitalism in the underdeveloped country.

A Study on the Elite Intellectuals' Understanding of Democracy in 1950s

byoung joo hwang | 2008, (89) | pp.215~256 | number of Cited : 8

ROK had experienced nation-building under the strong influence of USA and world system in 1950s. The nation-building process is companied with the political struggles which may contain civil war. And it need to the social, cultural integration of the nation. Generally, nationalism and democracy have played an important role in the nation-building process of bourgeois nation state. In 1950s, democracy had a critical position in the topography of political discourse, and it had became the dominant discourse in Korea. The role of democracy in Korea was expanded from ruling discourse to resistant one. It was influenced by the enlargement of education system, but it must be noted that it was effective to be combined with the discursive practice of intellectuals. Cho Byung-ok and Yu Chin-oh were typical elite intellectuals of Korea in 1950s. There are many differences in between them. But they were similar to recognition of democracy. All of them emphasized the absolute universality of democracy, and imitated concept of liberal democracy which was made in the west. The peculiarities of their cognition of democracy is as follows. First, all of them believed in the modern view of human being of the west and America, and insisted that democratic political process is possible with the rational act of the reasonable subject which is hypothesis of the modern political philosophy of the west. It meant that backward Korea must follow the democracy of advanced country. Because of they understood the democracy with advanced-backward composition, it was inevitable that they had the strong complex to the west, modernity and advanced countries. Second, they understood democracy on condition anti-communism. To them, America is the supreme symbol of modern rationalism, whereas communism is the typical anti democracy ideology which is premodern, brutal and anti-humanity. Therefore democracy was not positive but passive political discourse. Third, there are strong elitism, emphasis on the leading, enlightenment and education for mass, in their cognition of democracy. They did not think over the democracy based on mass political action and people's direct democracy. In short, they transformed the democratic principle of rule by majority into the elite oligarchy by representative system. Therefore democracy was to be formalized. Fourth, they contributed the conversion of democracy into the resistance discourse. In this process, however, important thing was not elite intellectuals but the direct action of the people which utilized their discussive practice as a condition.

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The Review of Korean History 2023 KCI Impact Factor : 1.02

2008, Vol., No.89