2019, Vol., No.134

The Review of Korean History 2023 KCI Impact Factor : 1.02

pISSN : 1225-133X
https://journal.kci.go.kr/hksh

Dong-yi is a group of tribes who mainly distributed around Shandong region in the Pre-Qin area. They become the main members of the Chinese people. Since the Han Dynasty, Dong-yi has changed its meaning to refer to a group of people living in the Dongbei region. However, most Chinese scholars omit the document data verification and consider Dong-yi of Pre-Qin area as the same as Dong-yi of later. This is the political purpose of maintaining the sovereignty of the Dongbei region and securing the historical right of correspondence. Chinese scholars such as Sun Jinji and Li Deshan have separated the Ye-maek counties from Korean history and incorporated it into Chinese history, and Tungus tribes have also emphasized Chinese history. China’s neo-sinocentrism view of historical interpretation must be wary. However, there is a need to pay attention to the fact that there were the Pan-Sino Tribes that became a prototype of the Chinese in the Liaodong Peninsula of Pre-Qin area. The existence of a group of Chinese prototypes in the Dongbei region of China, which overlaps with the activities of ancient Koreans, has a considerable influence on restoring Korean ancient history. In addition, we should continue to pay attention to the relationship between the Pan-Sino Tribes in the Dongbei region and Dong-yi in the Shandong region.

This paper aims to analyze the relations between the present Yeoncheon-gun, Gyeonggi-do area and Goguryeo through place names. This paper firstly paid attention to the place names of Goguryeo, which were recorded in the Geography section of Samguk Sagi. The names are Cheorwon-gun, Buyeo-gun, and Ujam-gun which were described as Hyeon of Seungnyanghyeon, Gongmokdalhyeon, Soeupduhyeon, Janghanghyeon, and Majeoncheonhyeon. These were reported to the Goguryeo articles and Silla articles of the Geography section of Samguk Sagi, and there are some differences between two articles as to the affiliate relationship. This was because of the difference in original text. Of the two the original text of Goguryeo articles was first formed, but it reflected the sense and circumstances of the Unified Silla period. Therefore, the place names and affiliate relationship of three Gunhyeons cannot be regarded as those of Goguryeo period. However, they reflect the distribution and the relationship of castles of Goguryeo. It can be understood that the main road of Goguryeo was constructed centering on Hantan River and Imjin River, and the relationship between the castles, which were represented in place names of three Gunhyeon, was established centering on the river.Goguryeo occupied this area in the late 5th century, and Yeoncheon area was the hub of southern traffic routes of Goguryeo until the middle of the 6th century. It was a major point of water transportation to the Yellow Sea as well as the land transportation of the Han River and southeastern part. It was a southern Goguryeo boundary since the middle of the 6th century, and there was fierce competition between Goguryeo and Silla for this area. On the other hand, the Yeoncheon area in the north of Imjin River was strongly influenced by Goguryeo. Therefore, this area could serve as a key position for the revival movement of Goguryeo. It was the territory of Goguryeo for a long time since the late 5th century. Therefore, it can be analyzed that the present place names are meaningful as the historical heritage of Goguryeo.

This study examines how the Goryeo envoys, who traveled between the two capitals of Goryeo and the Mongol Empire from the late 13th century to the late 14th century, utilized the jamchi(transport system) built by the Mongol Empire. The postal route between Gaegyeong(開京) and Daidu(大都) was almost identical to the inland jamchi network of the Mongol Empire: across the Yalu River–Eastern eight stations(東八站) - Liaoyang(遼陽) - Shenyang(瀋陽) - Daning(大寧) - Daidu. The distance of the route totaled 1,730km, while it was about 1,485km from Seoul to Beijing in the 15th and 16th centuries and about 1,530km in the 18th and 19th centuries. This was one of the most heavily trafficked routes of the Mongol Empire. Goryeo King was granted various kinds of credentials for using the jamchi by the Emperor and had the authority to issue them to his messengers. While other Princes and Lords were often restricted by being cited as the main culprits in the abuse of the postal system, Goryeo King actively utilized it after the 14th century. The envoys dispatched from Goryeo to the Mongol Empire could be divided into two types: 1) practical and non-regular envoys and 2) ceremonial and regular envoys, each showing differences in composition, size and speed of movement. However, both of them had been basically moving by using the jamchi system. 1) was able to reach Daidu in just 10 days, and 2) moved an average of 70km per day over 25 days in winter and 50km per day over 30 to 40 days in summer. When Goryeo King himself visited the Emperor, the largest delegation had moved, which required a great deal of supplies. In those cases, Goryeo migrants󰡑group(sauri) set up in Liaoyang and Shenyang, or Mongol central government supported them. Compared to later years, the number of envoys between the Goryeo and the Mongol Empire was overwhelmingly frequent. And the speed of travel was up to 173km per day, two to three times faster than that of the Joseon Dynasty. This was because Goryeo envoys were able to use the well-developed the jamchi system of the Mongol Empire.