2011, Vol., No.81

Seo Young Gyeo | 2011, (81) | pp.1~42 | number of Cited : 16

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The Exploration of Ancient Battles in the 7th Century in the Three Kingdoms

Kim Ju Seong | 2011, (81) | pp.43~74 | number of Cited : 19

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The present study is designed to explore the various patterns of battles and commanding as well as communication systems that became different depending on the marching speed and types of actions employed in the 7th century warfare in an attempt to revive them in compliance with the available historical records. In order to investigate the marching speed in the7th century warfare, a survey was made into the materials showing the transportation strategies in the Hwangsanbeol Battle and in the Pyeongyang Castle to which Kim, Yushin tried to deliver food for the soldiers from Tang Dynasty, China. Judging from the geographical conditions, it might be possible to presume that the soldiers moved approximately 30 rior 12km a day, although no general rule could be applied to the marching speed of soldiers because it could differ should there be rugged mountain range difficult or impossible to crossover. In an extreme case, for example, the Nava lForces defeated at Salsu River moved even as far as 450 ri in just a day. The marching speed of about 30 ria day can be normally attained under the assumed situation in which a military unit moves in a battle formation preparing for any attack from the enemy while maintaining a certain distance from the supply unit. The types of battle were divided into the castle and ground warfare for examination here. The commanding post was usually positioned about 30~40 ri in advance apart from the target in preparation for castle warfare. Water and food were crucial for both attacking as well as defending sides in the castle warfare. Before start of warfare, both parties were usually engaged in apre-stage of sprit war to dishearten the enemy soldiers. After the spirit war is over, the attacking force began to fill up the moat to ease approach to the castle. There upon, attack started by means of gun carriages, pushing vehicles, fire and mounts of clay bags. Once a castle was occupied by the attacks, fighting with swords and bayonets raged in the final stage of the warfare, with the winner hoisting the flag on the castle to declare sign of its victory. For the ground warfare, acommanding camp too was established in the first place and independent unit of lesser scale was affiliated with it for each echelon. Each camp was protected by a tower with lookout and a pit to keep away the enemy. There must have been the chief commanding post to take command of small camps. The moral of soldiers, ground condition and strategies to operate military force and battle array might be a key to decision of victory or defeat in the ground warfare that did not take long to its closure. The commanding chief of staff who was about to go to the battlefield was given by the king a limited free hand to exercise subject to situation. It might also be assumed that the commanding chief delegated some portion of his authority to the commanders under his control to enable them to operate their units respectively. There were certain agreements for check-up and search to ensure correspondence between the commanding postand commanded units. During a march, there was a rule to maintain certain distance between units to allow supervision and liaison without a hitch. How could it be possible to direct military units in actual battle where dust clouds shutthe sky and orders were overshadowed by yells and shouts? The answer is drum and flag; that is, soldiers marched forward at the sound of drum, retreated at the sound of gong and changed thei rechelon formation by signal of flag.

Compilation of Book on Battle Formation(陣法書) and Reorganization of Battle Formation Exercise System during King Sejong in the Joseon Dynasty

Hoonpyo Yoon | 2011, (81) | pp.75~113 | number of Cited : 9

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This study is what clarified its historical significance by analyzing contents of book on battle formation, which was published twice during the reign of King Sejong in the Joseon Dynasty. It considered even on the reorganization of exercise system in battle formation according to the publishment of book on battle formation at the same time. What was issued primarily in A.D.1421(3rd year in King Sejong) is called Jindobeop(陣圖法). And, what was compiled in A.D.1433(15th year in KingSejong) is called Gyechukjinseol(癸丑陣說). First of all, Jindobeop was examined. At this time, it examined understanding about Byeon Gye-ryang(卞季良)’s battle formation, which had been the background of its publication. He made great effort for accepting the classical theory rather than being worried about a problem of applying it to reality. That led to what Jindobeop tended to be strong in being biased to theory. It was important to uniformly carry out the standardized exercise that is loyal to theory because of the internal situationin those days. However, as the combat got fiercer with Jurchens, there organization on a exercise method was inevitable. Due to this, book on battle formation was more imminent, which is conducive to the actual battle, than theory. A work of modifying Jindobeop, which is the existing exercise textbook, was hurriedly driven. Finally, Gyechukjinseol, which is the new book on battle formation, was compiled. This was book on battle formation that can be immediately applied to the actual battle. In addition, the contents were reinforced with thinking even about a situation that can happen to the battle in the future. In such sense, Gyechukjinseol was Jindobeop that was advanced one-step further. In the meantime, the basic exercise was carried out primarily based on Gyechukjinseol, which is the exercise text book of targeting the whole army in a place where is imminent in defense like Hamgildo Province(咸吉道). And then, it made them exercise on the basis of combat guidebook,which was made by considering regional situation. Furthermore, the battle formation exercise, which had failed to be activated in the meantime, was intensively carried out once more in the wake of widely distributing Gyechukjinseol. Through this, the compilation of book on battle formation over twotimes during the reign of King Sejong greatly contributed to reinforcing military power.

A Study on the Refuge and Resist of King Seonjo's Family during the Japanese Invasion in 1592

Shin, Myung ho | 2011, (81) | pp.115~150 | number of Cited : 7

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We could imagine that the safety of king's family was one of the national priority in the monarchy country. of course, that was the same case in Joseon Dynasty. at the early stage of the Japanese Invasion in 1592, the Joseon Royal Forces have experienced several defeats by the Japanese Military Forces. at thatt ime, the safety of King Seonjo and his family was the national priority. Right after the defeat of General Shin Rib in theChungju Battle, King Seonjo's refuge was decided in order to obtain the safety of King Seonjo and his family. The other hand, the king and his family would have direct relation with nation's destiny. If a nation might be destroyed, the king would be no more king and his family would be no more royal family. Therefore, the king and his family should take the lead in order to overcome national crisis. So King Seonjo's refuge at the early stage of the Japanese Invasion in 1592 was very important not only in connection with the safety of King Seonjo and his family but also in connection with the fighting King Seonjo and his family against the Japanese Invasion. Right afte rthe decision of King Seonjo's refuge, King Seonjo and his family fled to Gaeseong. At the same time, King Seonjo dispatched his two princes, who were Prince Imhae and Prince Sunhwa, to Hamgyeong Province and Gangwon Province in order to recruit the royal body guards. this action came from the sense of duty that the king and his family should take the lead in order to overcome national crisis. After the Japanese Invasion in 1592, King Seonjo's family who attended the King Seonjo's refuge were installed as great contributor to the overcome of national crisis. for example, Prince Shinsung and Prince Jeongwon were installed as second contributor to the overcome of national crisis. On the contrary, Prince Imhae and Prince Sunhwa who were dispatched to Hamgyeong Province and Gangwon Province were regarded as great disloyalty. because prince im-hae and Prince Sunhwa were caught by the Japanese Military Forces. every official records blamed Prince Imhae and Prince Sunhwa as wild and selfish persons. But before Prince Imhae was caught, he achieved great result not only in recruiting royal bodyguards from Hamgyeong Province but also in stabilizing the situation. For example, Prince Imhae recruited about 3,500 royal bodyguards from Hamgyeong Province. However right after the decision of King Seonjo's refuge, which were regarded as a action of exile to Ming China, the people of Hamgyeong Province felt that they were discarded by King Seonjo. So the people of Hamgyeong Province resisted and abandoned Prince Imhae. Afterall, Prince Imhae was caught by the Japanese Military Forces. in this matter, we could revaluate prince im-hae's recruiting activity in Hamgyeong Province.

The Conflict of Military High Command of Sunmuyeong and The Japanese Army

Shin,Young-Ou | 2011, (81) | pp.151~186 | number of Cited : 2

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In this article, I reviewed the aspect of the General Shin Chung-hee(申正熙)’s career and activities in 1894. He was Commander in Chief of Sunmuyeong(巡撫營) suppressed the uprising of the Donghak Peasant Army. His father Shin Heun(申櫶) and great-grandfather Shin Hong-ju(申鴻周)were wellknown in the military field as well. They were the famous generals in the late Joseon Dynasty. As a commander in Chief of Sunmuyoung, Shin Chung-hee was placed in a difficult situation. First and most importantly, the Japanese was captured Gyeongbokgung(景福宮) by the army where the king lived and interfered in the domestic affairs of Joseon Dynasty. The second serious problem was the Donghak Peasant Army rose in arms in all parts of the country. They raised their standard before embarking on the uprising. Their ultimate goal was to expel the Japanese out of the Joseon. The high ranking government officials of the Joseon Dynasty, however, had been distrusted the Donghak Peasant Army’s activity and morality. The Donghak Peasant Army extorted money and food from the local yangban(兩班)s everyday since spring,1894. Shin Chung-hee realized thatthe Donghak Peasant Army wanted to reconstruct the state and transform society; on the other hand, as a general of the Joseon Dynasty, he had to ended the national disorder. The staff officers of the Commander-in-Chief of the Sunmuyound was within the sphere of the Daewonkun(大院君). The Japanese hated Daewonkun. The Japanese army got under arms like a breechloading rifle which was a very powerful new weapons. The regular army of the Joseon dynasty has a role as an assistant because the officer of the Japanese army take hold the right to command. Shin Chung-hee, the commander in Chief of the Sunmuyoung, could not in the vanguard of the operation. The Sunmuyeong and the Japanese Army were not on the same wavelength. Meanwhile, one of the chiefs of the Sunmuyeong, LeeGyu-tae(李圭泰) came into conflict with officers of the Japanese Army. The Japanese army called on disb and the Sunmuyeong. On December 27, the Sunmuyeong was dismissed and the General Shin Chung-hee was appointment to the Ganghwayusu(江華留守).

A Study on the Character of the Civil War - Focusing on the Total War -

박계호 | 2011, (81) | pp.187~225 | number of Cited : 2

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The Total War is the War which a nation takes to achievea triumph with all national strength. The advent of theory of Total War began with the book 'Total War of Nation 'written by Ludendorff from Germany in 1935. Thereafter, Dakahashi Hajime from Japan wrote the book 'Modern Total War' and we are using the term 'All National Power Defense' in the Joint Standard Doctrine. There are something different in the meaning of each of them, however, they are all commonly dealing with the concept of the Total War. In this paper, I wrote about how the Total War was done by the Federal Army in the Civil War from the point of view of application of the Joint Standard Doctrinal Theory. To win in the Total War, the leader of the nation should show his leadership to integrate all elements of the national power and the people must concentrate their will to overcome on the extreme situation. Politicians also have to endeavor to concentrate the people's will and the economic power as well as the reserve strength should perform the role in sustaining the war. Moreover, the diplomatic efforts of the government should be set to get the international support and assistance, and the power of science & technology should possess the intellectual power to produce combat equipments and materials that can support the aspect of the war. Also, the people's emotion and the social culture should support the triumph of the war. At the Total War aspect in which all national elements are mobilized, systematizing national power and the leadership to do it are very important. In the Civil War, the Federal Army got the triumph by accomplishing of above-mentioned conditions generally. Even though there are still some debates whether the Civilwar is a Total War or not, it was the war that the Federal Army achieved the victory by overcoming the inferiority at the beginning of the war on the basis of the superior financial and economic power, mobilizing ability of reserve forces, and the developed science and technology, as well as the leadership of President Lincoln. With that victory, the United States of America today is in existence

Spoils of War: Revisiting the Outcome of the Korean War

한관수 | 2011, (81) | pp.227~259 | number of Cited : 1

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After the Korean War(1950∼1953), both the Republic of Korea (ROK) and North Korea (NK) have claimed they won the war. However, more recently the war has been evaluated as “the tragedy of fratricidal war without neither a winnernora loser". That is, it is widely accepted now that the war finished a tie. In contrast, according to The Defense White Paper 2010, in which the war was reinterpreted in commemoration of its 60th anniversary, the victory belonged to liberal democracy. This study attempts to add new light to the outcome of the Korean War. By sharing ideas used by the famous German military theorist, Carlvon Clausewitz, this study develops three factors as a means to analyze the war. Clausewitz believed in putting the enemy out of action, occupying enemy territory, and annihilating the will of resistance, while focus in gon the justification of war with respects to the effects of the war on the people and the nations involved. From these beliefs, the following three factors are created in order to re-analyzethe Korean War. Analysis of NK's accomplishments show that NK military forces dominated Seoul, destroying the main forces of the ROK troops. However, NK failed to accomplish any of three major objectives of war as mentioned earlier. NK could not break the resistant will of the ROK people and their leaders. Furthermore, the NK justification of war, “the liberation of ROK from the USA" was not convincing enough even to their own people. It was a justification insisted solely by a few NK leaders including Kim Il-sung. Lastly and most importantly, the investigation of the effects of the war on the people and nations involved show that ROK rapidly rose as one of the ten global economic powers by actively accepting democratic changes, whereas NK established a system of power succession by eliminating all political opposition. This military adventurism taken by Kim Il-sung and followed by Kim Jung-il resulted in the rogue state nation which is plagued by hunger and poverty. These results support the evaluation of the war suggested in The Defense White Paper 2010. Therefore, it is hoped that the ROK Government will share this knowledge with its people and encourage them to take part inactive discussions in order to raise a wareness of ROK's past and current national security issues.

A Study on North Korea Military Evaluation During Carter Administration Decision Making towards the US Troops Withdrawal Policy - Focused on Evaluation Change of DoD and Military Authorities -

조관행 | 2011, (81) | pp.261~295 | number of Cited : 2

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Colonel Strel’bitchki’I.I – The First Russian Military Attachˈe to the Korea –

Павлов Дмитрий Борисович , Kim Jong Heon | 2011, (81) | pp.297~313 | number of Cited : 0

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2011, Vol., No.81