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Why Did Kim Il Sung Fail to Prevent the Inchon Landing Operation? - Focusing on the Transformation of the North Korean Military Command and Control System -

  • military history
  • 2026, (140), pp.85~122
  • Publisher : Military History Institute, MND
  • Research Area : Humanities > History
  • Received : July 1, 2026
  • Accepted : September 9, 2026
  • Published : September 15, 2026

홍종석 1

1국방부

Accredited

ABSTRACT

This study examines the relationship between the transformation of North Korea’s Military Command and Control System following Kim Il Sung’s establishment of the Supreme Headquarters and assumption of the position of Supreme Commander after the outbreak of the Korean War, and the Korean People’s Army’s (KPA) failure to prevent the United Nations’ Incheon Landing Operation, culminating in the operational culmination of the KPA offensive along the Nakdong River line. Previous studies have primarily focused on the organizational structure, institutional status, and functions of North Korea’s Military Command and Control System. Building upon these studies, this research examines how changes in the command system influenced the conduct of military operations before and after the Incheon Landing Operation, thereby providing a new operational perspective on North Korea’s wartime command structure. At the outbreak of the Korean War, North Korea entered the conflict under a peacetime command system based on collective leadership. Recognizing the need for centralized wartime command, Kim Il Sung established the Military Commission and subsequently, with the support of the Soviet Military Advisory Group, created the Supreme Headquarters and assumed the position of Supreme Commander. Although this transformation centralized command authority, the KPA failed to prevent the Incheon Landing Operation, reached its operational culmination along the Nakdong River line, and ultimately retreated north of the 38th Parallel. These military setbacks exposed the limitations of the newly established command system and prompted the recognition of the need for a new military control system.

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