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A study on the birth of modern philosophy - focusing on the transition in relation between 'self-consciousness' and 'god' in Philosophy of Descartes and Kant

  • PHILOSOPHY·THOUGHT·CULTURE
  • 2009, (8), pp.147~183
  • Publisher : Research Institute for East-West Thought
  • Research Area : Humanities > Other Humanities

Lee, Jae-Kwang 1

1동국대학교

Candidate

ABSTRACT

The birth of modern philosophy indicates not a moment, but a course of the transition that consists of the appearance and ground-work of modern philosophy. The criteria for both the appearance and groundwork have to be based on the following issues. So to speak, a theory in question has (a) a new philosophical direction or aim, (b) a new philosophical method or point of view that derives from the first criterion, (c) a new philosophical content that follows from the second criterion, (d) a new fashion designed to justify the third criterion. Descartes tried to acquire true self-cognition as the highest point of his philosophy, which is a new direction or aim of philosophy. In this process, he performs doubt(skepsis) as a philosophical method, and he found the self-consciousness through the doubt. But the certainty and justification of the self-consciousness is given by God. Therefore Descartes's self-consciousness remains only as the appearance of modern philosophy. Kant's philosophy is understood as the critique of cognitive faculties, and it has been grounded on the conversion of a philosophical point of view such as the Copernican Revolution. But the conversion demands the solution to transcendental deduction that secures some objective validity and reality of cognition. He has demonstrated the issues with reference to the self-consciousness. Decartes's self-consciousness depends on God, but Kant's self-consciousness is posited as the basis for cognition itself which is independent from God. Therefore Kant's self-consciousness is understood as the groundwork of modern philosophy. In conclusion, a course of transition from Descartes's opening of self-consciousness to Kant's establishment of it is regarded as the birth of modern philosophy.

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