2010, Vol.17, No.1

Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies 2023 KCI Impact Factor : 0.61

pISSN : 1225-8539 / eISSN : 2671-5171
https://journal.kci.go.kr/japs

The purpose of this article is the Japanese mainbank system concerned with the Japanese corporate governance, which is to analyze the changed academic view observed from before and after the bubble economy. And also to analyze the significance and limits on the role of the mainbank of its underinvestment and overinvestment, during the rapid growth of Japan. For this there was an analysis on the pre-research of the general concept of what the mainbank is and the effects of it on the Japanese economy. The existence of the mainbank’s solution to the underinvestment problem was available because studies show that Japan’s economy was growing at a steady rate up to the mid 1990s. However in the late 1990s the expansion of the economic stagnation made the ability of the mainbank’s corporate governance to decrease and become doubtful of its effectiveness. Furthermore, there became a rise that the system was a downfall- making companies overinvest. Therefore, to explain the relationship between Japanese companies and the mainbank from the 1980s to the year 2000, financial statements were used to analyze all the industries and the manufacturing industries. In result, one can see that the relationship between the major companies and the mainbank weakened; however, it is noticeable that there was a restraint on underinvestment before that.

The Massacres of Poles in Volhynia were part of an ethnic cleansing operation in Volhynia(now in western Ukraine) and Eastern Galicia, that took place beginning in 1939 and lasted until the end of 1946. The actions, orchestrated and conducted in most part by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army(UPA) together with other Ukrainian groups and local Ukrainian peasants, resulted in over 1,200,000 Polish civilians being brutally murdered in Volhynia Voivodeship with another voivodeships affected, specially in Eastern Galicia. The peak of the massacres took place in July and August 1943, when a UPA commander ordered the extermination of the entire Polish population between 16 and 60 years of age. The slaughter was directly linked with the policies of the Bandera faction of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists(OUN), whose goal, specified at the Second Conference of the OUN-B, was to purge all non-Ukrainians from the future Ukrainian state. The number of casualties is being actively researched and continues to be the subject of scholarly as well as political deliberation. The question of official acknowledgment of the ethnic cleansing remains a matter of a discussion between Polish and Ukrainian historians and political leaders. Efforts are ongoing to bring about reconciliation between Poles and Ukrainians regarding these tragic events.

Manboksa-jeopo-gi(萬福寺樗蒲記) and Yiseng-guijang-jeon(李生窺墻傳), which are two tragedies of Geumoh-sinhwa(金鰲新話), provide the tragic points of view with lessons in the soft, slow and lyrical way, regardless of the Buddhist colors. Such a style represents the esthetic characteristic which is quite different from that of the Western tragedy which makes people realize their own egos through the intense ends. It starts from the difference between the Oriental point of view, which values the universal world containing the existence of God fundamentally identical as the ego of humans, and the Western point of view which considers humans as those suffering from their own destiny before God. Because of this, the man of strong will, who wants to become dignified before God and himself by accepting his destiny and protecting his internal nobility, is in the center of tragedies in the Western world. This is the compromise between the destiny affection and the tragic resistant spirit. Oedipus overcame his destiny and protected his legitimacy through the oracle that the country where his tomb was located would flourish. On the other hand, the ‘relationship’ between humans or humans and the universe is in the center of tragedies in Korea. Because of this, there are many love tragedies. The affection or fidelity among individuals sometimes even puts off the universal order. In other words, it is possible for the character in the novel to keep living with his deceased lover as if she were alive. It reflects the possibility that one’s earnest wish can be communicated with the universal power. However, there is a limit for putting off the universal order. It is inevitable for individuals to have ontological limits in the vast universe. Therefore, tragedies become possible. The ‘Destiny Affection’ which is shown in the Korean tragedies reflects the fact that the universe and humans share a fundamental identity. However, such a fact does not establish tragedies by itself. The resistant spirit of the Korean affection-oriented tragedies shows that lovers do not give up their affection for each other until they die. While Manboksa-jeopo-gi plans the Buddhist conquest, it shows a solitary conclusion that the character in the novel does not get married and disappears in the end. Such a conclusion provides the readers with a long lingering image as well as fundamental questions about life and love. The concluding method of Yiseng-guijang-jeon represents the characteristic of the Korean tragedies well. Lee Saeng who cannot take the reality of his wife's death and dies at the end provides an extremely strong image. This is closely related with the tendency of the author who highly valued fidelity as one of the six loyal courtiers. It can be said that the author's loyalty towards the deceased king is contained in this novel. As a result, the cause of the powerfulness can be found from the sorrowful indignation. It is possible to emphasize the tragedy of the sorrowful indignation by combining fidelity with affection. There are so many tales about men and women dying of lovesickness. Looking at the resentment related with love and the earnest love of the lumberjack who never forgets his love after becoming a rooster, we can find the complete model for Korean tragedies in this novel.