2018, Vol.25, No.2

Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies 2023 KCI Impact Factor : 0.61

pISSN : 1225-8539 / eISSN : 2671-5171
https://journal.kci.go.kr/japs

This study purports to analyze North Korea’s national policy toward Europe including European Union. From the founding of a country, North Korea’s national policy focused on three points, First, North Korea basically depends on powerful country in their national policy. Second, North Korea has political needs for Europe when they are isolated. Third, North Korea tried to gain any interests in their national policy toward Europe (EU). However, North Korea’s national policy toward Europe (EU) to be in political difficulties in Kim Jeong-eun Era. As long as North Korea try to develop weapons of mass destruction (WMD), European Union not easily come back to improve relations with North Korea government.

The occurrence of cross-border M&As among Korea, China, and Japan has increased recently. The size of cross-border M&As among Korea, China, and Japan has increased by around 16% yearly for the 10-year period between 2005 and 2014, and the weightage of the three nations among the world’s cross-border M&As has also increased from 2.4% to 9.3%, that is, 4 times in the past 10 years. Cross-border M&As, based on 6 outbound business types such as manufacturing and services, for the 10-year period from 2005 to 2014, have been analyzed and the results are as follows. First, there has been an increase in the number of large scale M&A cases. Second, M&As of advanced countries such as the United States and countries in Europe have increased. Third, there is advancement of the objectives of the M&A industry. Fourth, the M&As between different business types per business type have increased. Fifth, M&As are being accelerated based on high technology. As the types of M&As of Chinese and Japanese corporations have rapidly changed since the global financial crisis, the search for that chance factor is needed.

To make sense of globalizing South Korea and the return migration of Korean Americans as they navigate in the transnational hierarchies of race, ethnicity, and nation, this paper introduces a new word ‘miguk hanin’ as a replacement for ‘jaemi gyopo’ which refers to an imagined group of ethnic Koreans residing in the US. Therefore, Korean Americans who havemigrated to South Korea and residing in South Korea would be called ‘jaehan miguk hanin.’ The focus of this paper is to examine the different types of Korean American return migration and the emergent cultural identities negotiated and redefined by Korean Americans as they are perceived in dichotomized images of global Korean heroes and ‘failed’ immigrants. Korean Americans are not a homogeneous group, but consists of various people with different ethnic identities or senses of belonging that are constantly shifting. Accordingly, Korean Americans residing in South Korea are constructing emergent cultural identities of their own. Considering the ethnic status and history of Korean American diasporic community which has been oscillating between a Korea-centered to a Korean American focus, jaehan miguk hanin faced with differentiation do not redefine their identity in simple nationalist terms as Americans vis-à-vis the Koreans. Rather, the process of identity negotiation can be understood in two as a strengthening of a transnational identity of ‘Korean Americans’ as a response to the marginalization in South Korea and the formation of a new ethnic identity of global Koreans.