@article{ART003353457},
author={Sang-hyun Jang and Dong-seong Park and Dongju Kim},
title={A Preliminary Feasibility Study on Post-Quantum Secure Cloud Architecture for Humanoid Robots},
journal={Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence},
issn={2466-0078},
year={2026},
volume={12},
number={3},
pages={16}
TY - JOUR
AU - Sang-hyun Jang
AU - Dong-seong Park
AU - Dongju Kim
TI - A Preliminary Feasibility Study on Post-Quantum Secure Cloud Architecture for Humanoid Robots
JO - Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
PY - 2026
VL - 12
IS - 3
PB - The Korea Internet of Things Society
SP - 16
EP -
SN - 2466-0078
AB - As humanoid robots and Physical AI systems increasingly rely on cloud-based AI services, robot-cloud communication security has become a safety-critical requirement beyond conventional data protection. Existing RSA- and ECC-based public-key cryptography is vulnerable to quantum attacks, particularly Shor’s algorithm, while harvest-now-decrypt-later (HNDL) threats endanger the long-term confidentiality of human behavioral data. This study investigates the applicability of a hybrid Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) architecture combining ML-KEM-768(NIST FIPS 203) for quantum-resistant key exchange with AES-256-GCM for authenticated encryption. We theoretically analyze the suitability of ML-KEM for ARM-based embedded environments, highlighting the efficiency of NTT-based O(n log n) polynomial operations compared with RSA’s O(n³) modular exponentiation. Experimental latency measurements on a PC baseline platform for audio, image, and LiDAR point cloud data indicate that all modalities satisfy real-time constraints without deadline miss. For ARM Cortex-A72 environments, literature-informed estimates suggest the potential to meet real-time requirements, pending direct hardware validation. In addition, threat models including MITM, HNDL, session hijacking, and actuator command tampering are discussed, together with a practical Hybrid TLS/PQC migration path. This work represents a preliminary feasibility-oriented architectural investigation, with future work planned for Jetson Orin NX deployment and ROS2 integration.
KW - PQC;ML-KEM;Humanoid Robot;Cloud Security;AES-256-GCM;ARM Cortex;HNDL
DO -
UR -
ER -
Sang-hyun Jang, Dong-seong Park and Dongju Kim. (2026). A Preliminary Feasibility Study on Post-Quantum Secure Cloud Architecture for Humanoid Robots. Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence, 12(3), 16.
Sang-hyun Jang, Dong-seong Park and Dongju Kim. 2026, "A Preliminary Feasibility Study on Post-Quantum Secure Cloud Architecture for Humanoid Robots", Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence, vol.12, no.3 16.
Sang-hyun Jang, Dong-seong Park, Dongju Kim "A Preliminary Feasibility Study on Post-Quantum Secure Cloud Architecture for Humanoid Robots" Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence 12.3 16 (2026) : 16.
Sang-hyun Jang, Dong-seong Park, Dongju Kim. A Preliminary Feasibility Study on Post-Quantum Secure Cloud Architecture for Humanoid Robots. 2026; 12(3), 16.
Sang-hyun Jang, Dong-seong Park and Dongju Kim. "A Preliminary Feasibility Study on Post-Quantum Secure Cloud Architecture for Humanoid Robots" Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence 12, no.3 (2026) : 16.
Sang-hyun Jang; Dong-seong Park; Dongju Kim. A Preliminary Feasibility Study on Post-Quantum Secure Cloud Architecture for Humanoid Robots. Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence, 12(3), 16.
Sang-hyun Jang; Dong-seong Park; Dongju Kim. A Preliminary Feasibility Study on Post-Quantum Secure Cloud Architecture for Humanoid Robots. Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence. 2026; 12(3) 16.
Sang-hyun Jang, Dong-seong Park, Dongju Kim. A Preliminary Feasibility Study on Post-Quantum Secure Cloud Architecture for Humanoid Robots. 2026; 12(3), 16.
Sang-hyun Jang, Dong-seong Park and Dongju Kim. "A Preliminary Feasibility Study on Post-Quantum Secure Cloud Architecture for Humanoid Robots" Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence 12, no.3 (2026) : 16.
