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@article{ART002309364},
author={Yoon Hwy Tak},
title={The Actual Condition of Villages and Farmers’ Life in the Northern Area of Manchukuo(滿洲國)},
journal={Journal of Manchurian Studies},
issn={1738-3668},
year={2017},
number={24},
pages={133-187},
doi={10.22888/mcsa..24.201712.133}

TY - JOUR
AU - Yoon Hwy Tak
TI - The Actual Condition of Villages and Farmers’ Life in the Northern Area of Manchukuo(滿洲國)
JO - Journal of Manchurian Studies
PY - 2017
VL - null
IS - 24
PB - The Manchurian Studies Association
SP - 133
EP - 187
SN - 1738-3668
AB - The northern part of Manchuria was opened and exploited relatively late. During the pioneering process, land was sold at a low price to a small number of privileged people. On the other hand, poor peoples who migrated from northern China had no opportunity to own land. Whereby, very few landowners or rich farmers owned most of the land. Unlike that, about 70% of farm households did not own any land. As a result, unequal land ownership has appeared in rural areas in northern Manchuria. In addition, there were frequent assaults by local predatory troops(土匪) and anti-Japanese guerrillas because in the northern part of Manchuria, the police administration system was not properly equipped. In the rural areas of northern Manchuria, there were defense facilities such as a wall and a turret. The farmers of the villages were living a community. In the villages, landowners and peasants with large land and security positions had great influence. In the villages, the influence and status of the landowners and rich peasants were stronger than other regions like the southern Manchuria, northern China region. On the other hand, poor farmers and agricultural workers were living anxious lives under various constraints and poverty. After the establishment of Manchukuo(滿洲國), Japanese colonial authorities forcibly bought agricultural products cheaply and controlled materials and necessities. Such colonial policies have spurred agricultural products, prices and wages. Also, as the war spread, Japanese colonial authorities imposed a lot of taxes to cover the cost of war. As a result, the life of farmers in northern Manchuria was getting worse. Poor farmers and agricultural workers suffered from debt, and the gap between rich and poor has also become extreme. And the lower-class farmers were gradually falling down. In conclusion, in rural areas in northern Manchuria, the internal elements of pioneering and colonial external elements interacted with each other and showed unique regional characteristics different from other regions.
KW - northern Manchuria;rural;land ownership;village;rural social composition;income and expenditure;the life of farmers
DO - 10.22888/mcsa..24.201712.133
ER -

Yoon Hwy Tak. (2017). The Actual Condition of Villages and Farmers’ Life in the Northern Area of Manchukuo(滿洲國). Journal of Manchurian Studies, 24, 133-187.

Yoon Hwy Tak. 2017, "The Actual Condition of Villages and Farmers’ Life in the Northern Area of Manchukuo(滿洲國)", Journal of Manchurian Studies, no.24, pp.133-187. Available from: doi:10.22888/mcsa..24.201712.133

Yoon Hwy Tak "The Actual Condition of Villages and Farmers’ Life in the Northern Area of Manchukuo(滿洲國)" Journal of Manchurian Studies 24 pp.133-187 (2017) : 133.

Yoon Hwy Tak. The Actual Condition of Villages and Farmers’ Life in the Northern Area of Manchukuo(滿洲國). 2017; 24 : 133-187. Available from: doi:10.22888/mcsa..24.201712.133

Yoon Hwy Tak. "The Actual Condition of Villages and Farmers’ Life in the Northern Area of Manchukuo(滿洲國)" Journal of Manchurian Studies no.24(2017) : 133-187.doi: 10.22888/mcsa..24.201712.133

Yoon Hwy Tak. The Actual Condition of Villages and Farmers’ Life in the Northern Area of Manchukuo(滿洲國). Journal of Manchurian Studies, 24, 133-187. doi: 10.22888/mcsa..24.201712.133

Yoon Hwy Tak. The Actual Condition of Villages and Farmers’ Life in the Northern Area of Manchukuo(滿洲國). Journal of Manchurian Studies. 2017; 24 133-187. doi: 10.22888/mcsa..24.201712.133

Yoon Hwy Tak. The Actual Condition of Villages and Farmers’ Life in the Northern Area of Manchukuo(滿洲國). 2017; 24 : 133-187. Available from: doi:10.22888/mcsa..24.201712.133

Yoon Hwy Tak. "The Actual Condition of Villages and Farmers’ Life in the Northern Area of Manchukuo(滿洲國)" Journal of Manchurian Studies no.24(2017) : 133-187.doi: 10.22888/mcsa..24.201712.133