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@article{ART002522430},
author={Yoon Hwy Tak},
title={The Formation of Southern Manchurian Villages and the Farmer’s Life in the Manchukuo Period},
journal={Journal of Manchurian Studies},
issn={1738-3668},
year={2019},
number={28},
pages={207-249},
doi={10.22888/mcsa..28.201910.207}

TY - JOUR
AU - Yoon Hwy Tak
TI - The Formation of Southern Manchurian Villages and the Farmer’s Life in the Manchukuo Period
JO - Journal of Manchurian Studies
PY - 2019
VL - null
IS - 28
PB - The Manchurian Studies Association
SP - 207
EP - 249
SN - 1738-3668
AB - In South Manchuria, land seldom included the presence of the privileged class, which the work of Chinese immigrants supplanted. Throughout the pioneering process, land inequality became a grim reality. Southern Manchurian villages formed in conditions often devoid of landlords, but plentiful in with a population of poor Chinese immigrants. These conditions often spelled high rates of migration, with farmers finding it difficult to survive and settle. Koreans contributed to the migratory flows often pushed and pulled between Manchuria and Joseon due to poverty. Many of the consequently unemployed farmers also lacked basic literacy skills. In these villages, religious community activities helped to maintain order in ways that led to self-government without landlords. However, ethnic and class conflicts often arose between the Chinese and Koreans, which often displayed signs of the higher social status of the Chinese enjoyed in comparison to their Korean counterparts. Each village had a very high proportion of landowners, including Japanese colonial institutions and Japanese villagers, which often resulted in farmers bearing high burdens when it came to ‘security costs’ or protection racket costs. Moreover, the wide education level gap between landowners and poor farmers did not help the latter’s plight. Like rural villages in North Manchuria, pioneering and colonial elements played integral roles in rural South Manchuria.
KW - Manchuria;Manchukuo;Southern Manchuria;rural;frontier;colony;peasant life
DO - 10.22888/mcsa..28.201910.207
ER -

Yoon Hwy Tak. (2019). The Formation of Southern Manchurian Villages and the Farmer’s Life in the Manchukuo Period. Journal of Manchurian Studies, 28, 207-249.

Yoon Hwy Tak. 2019, "The Formation of Southern Manchurian Villages and the Farmer’s Life in the Manchukuo Period", Journal of Manchurian Studies, no.28, pp.207-249. Available from: doi:10.22888/mcsa..28.201910.207

Yoon Hwy Tak "The Formation of Southern Manchurian Villages and the Farmer’s Life in the Manchukuo Period" Journal of Manchurian Studies 28 pp.207-249 (2019) : 207.

Yoon Hwy Tak. The Formation of Southern Manchurian Villages and the Farmer’s Life in the Manchukuo Period. 2019; 28 : 207-249. Available from: doi:10.22888/mcsa..28.201910.207

Yoon Hwy Tak. "The Formation of Southern Manchurian Villages and the Farmer’s Life in the Manchukuo Period" Journal of Manchurian Studies no.28(2019) : 207-249.doi: 10.22888/mcsa..28.201910.207

Yoon Hwy Tak. The Formation of Southern Manchurian Villages and the Farmer’s Life in the Manchukuo Period. Journal of Manchurian Studies, 28, 207-249. doi: 10.22888/mcsa..28.201910.207

Yoon Hwy Tak. The Formation of Southern Manchurian Villages and the Farmer’s Life in the Manchukuo Period. Journal of Manchurian Studies. 2019; 28 207-249. doi: 10.22888/mcsa..28.201910.207

Yoon Hwy Tak. The Formation of Southern Manchurian Villages and the Farmer’s Life in the Manchukuo Period. 2019; 28 : 207-249. Available from: doi:10.22888/mcsa..28.201910.207

Yoon Hwy Tak. "The Formation of Southern Manchurian Villages and the Farmer’s Life in the Manchukuo Period" Journal of Manchurian Studies no.28(2019) : 207-249.doi: 10.22888/mcsa..28.201910.207