@article{ART003263812},
author={NAMMINGU},
title={The Battle of Xingshan (杏山之战) of 1598 Reconsidered : Wan Shide’s Defense of Jinzhou against the Northern Yuan},
journal={Journal of Manchurian Studies},
issn={1738-3668},
year={2025},
number={40},
pages={177-208}
TY - JOUR
AU - NAMMINGU
TI - The Battle of Xingshan (杏山之战) of 1598 Reconsidered : Wan Shide’s Defense of Jinzhou against the Northern Yuan
JO - Journal of Manchurian Studies
PY - 2025
VL - null
IS - 40
PB - The Manchurian Studies Association
SP - 177
EP - 208
SN - 1738-3668
AB - This study clarifies the circumstances surrounding the Battle of Xingshan, which has previously been known through only fragmentary records. Drawing on Chinese and Korean historical archives, it reconstructs what occurred during the event and clarifies its location and participants. Historically, the event took place in the 26th year of the Wanli reign (1598), when Wan Shide (萬世德), coordinator of Tianjin (天津巡撫), was appointed military commissioner of Joseon. While en route to assume office, he learned that the “Dazi” (達子, referring to northern tribes) were attacking Jinzhou Fortress. From Xingshan Station, Wan personally directed the defense and valiantly repelled the assault.
Analysis of related sources reveals that the event was less a large-scale battle than a localized engagement at Jinzhou, led by Buyan Secen Qa’an (伯彦罕), ruler of the Northern Yuan (北元) and son of Tumen Jasagtu Qa’an. Following his succession in 1592, Buyan launched not one, but a series of incursions into Liaodong with forces numbering up to 100,000 soldiers, with his eyes on capturing fortified cities for economic and strategic advantage. By identifying Baianhan as Buyan and locating the engagement at Jinzhou rather than Xingshan, this study corrects the historical record and redefines the event’s place within the late-Ming frontier warfare.
KW - Battle of Xingshan;Wan Shide;Buyan;East Mongols;Jinzhou;Northern;Yuan
DO -
UR -
ER -
NAMMINGU. (2025). The Battle of Xingshan (杏山之战) of 1598 Reconsidered : Wan Shide’s Defense of Jinzhou against the Northern Yuan. Journal of Manchurian Studies, 40, 177-208.
NAMMINGU. 2025, "The Battle of Xingshan (杏山之战) of 1598 Reconsidered : Wan Shide’s Defense of Jinzhou against the Northern Yuan", Journal of Manchurian Studies, no.40, pp.177-208.
NAMMINGU "The Battle of Xingshan (杏山之战) of 1598 Reconsidered : Wan Shide’s Defense of Jinzhou against the Northern Yuan" Journal of Manchurian Studies 40 pp.177-208 (2025) : 177.
NAMMINGU. The Battle of Xingshan (杏山之战) of 1598 Reconsidered : Wan Shide’s Defense of Jinzhou against the Northern Yuan. 2025; 40 : 177-208.
NAMMINGU. "The Battle of Xingshan (杏山之战) of 1598 Reconsidered : Wan Shide’s Defense of Jinzhou against the Northern Yuan" Journal of Manchurian Studies no.40(2025) : 177-208.
NAMMINGU. The Battle of Xingshan (杏山之战) of 1598 Reconsidered : Wan Shide’s Defense of Jinzhou against the Northern Yuan. Journal of Manchurian Studies, 40, 177-208.
NAMMINGU. The Battle of Xingshan (杏山之战) of 1598 Reconsidered : Wan Shide’s Defense of Jinzhou against the Northern Yuan. Journal of Manchurian Studies. 2025; 40 177-208.
NAMMINGU. The Battle of Xingshan (杏山之战) of 1598 Reconsidered : Wan Shide’s Defense of Jinzhou against the Northern Yuan. 2025; 40 : 177-208.
NAMMINGU. "The Battle of Xingshan (杏山之战) of 1598 Reconsidered : Wan Shide’s Defense of Jinzhou against the Northern Yuan" Journal of Manchurian Studies no.40(2025) : 177-208.
