2020, Vol.32, No.

JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES 2024 KCI Impact Factor : 0.74

pISSN : 2092-5239 / eISSN : 2713-7376
https://journal.kci.go.kr/JOIS

The Korean wave, which began at china in the late 1990s, has been playing an important role in cultural business policy in that it brings huge economic benefits and improve national brand of Korea in the world. Japan has contributed to the significant growth of the Korean wave through the past boom, and this raised expectations for the function of public diplomacy thet the Korean wave will help the Korean-Japan relationship which have been in conflict since the past. However, 20 years later, the relationship between Korea and Japan is still deteriorating, and reports and studies on the current status of Korean wave in Japan are also decreasing. In this paper, Understanding the Korean wave in Japan through various statistical data, considering previous researches such as Korea-Japan relationship and Korean wave consumption, investigated how the Korean wave in Japan affects the perception of Korea through analysis based on the results of questionnaire and interview survey conducted for Japanese in January 2020. The Korean wave in Japan, has expanded by generation and field, is now consumed daily without political sense or being bounded by its name. This means that consumpsion of Korean culture in Japan has little direct influence on the formation of Korean image, looking at the past cases of anti-Korean Wave from the threat on foreign culture, this pure consumption behavior is considered desirable. The significance of the Korean wave in Japan can be found that it provides a place for communication through which aims for mutual exchange rather than a cultural power.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the causes of differences in the level of development of the aircraft industry in Korea and Japan from a theoretical perspective based on the developmental state thesis, despite similar international environment and domestic efforts. Korea has caught up with Japan early and secured international competitiveness in most related industries, including the steel, shipbuilding, chemical and automobile industries, which began to be fostered as strategic industries in the 1970s, but still lag far behind Japan in the aircraft industry, which is the generalization of such industries. To analyse these causes, the study notes the level of embedded autonomy that implies governments' ability to connect and communicate with industries in the period from the 1950s to the early 1990s, which is an important time for the development of the aircraft industry in both Korea and Japan, and where strategic interactions between the countries and industries are most starkly contrasted. Although there have been many restrictions on the development of the aircraft industry both at home and abroad after the war, the Japanese government has established and implemented effective aircraft industry policies through a high degree of embedded autonomy that links and communicates with businesses. The combined influence of the Japanese government and the business community has convinced opposing forces and enabled them to implement policies consistent with their goals, which have enabled the successful development of the aircraft industry. In Korea, on the other hand, the linkage between the government and businesses remained at a very poor level in the process of establishing and implementing policies for the aircraft industry. The government's strong autonomy was a force to ensure the cohesion of resources and the driving force of policies strongly in the early stage of the development of the aircraft industry, but the embedded autonomy of the government, which remained at a low level, delayed the development of the industry. As such, the difference in embedded autonomy between Korea and Japan in the aircraft industry directly affected each country's industrial policy-making and implementation process, which consequently led to a wide gap in the level of aircraft industry development.

2020 marks the 30th anniversary of German reunification. The Annual Report of the Federal Government on the Status of German Unity provides the following assessment: “While the German Unification is quite an amazing achievement for German citizens, not all of them are satisfied with the unification process with the same level of enthusiasm.” Especially on the area of education integration after the unification, parents, teachers and students in East Germany displayed contradicting views. In 1990, the German unification process started in accordance with the Unification Treaty, the New Federal States were forced to combine educational systems without sufficient discussion based on deep thought and careful analysis. The introduction of new forms of schools into the newly-organized German states represented a break-off from a wide range of school culture, which had ruled East Germany for the previous four decades. During this consolidation process, the conditions and interests of parents, teachers and students in the East were not taken into serious consideration. Thus, this research shed light on the situation of parents, teachers and students in the Eastern Germany at the beginning of a transition period after the unification as well as what types of views these different stakeholders had on the changed school systems and how they assessed them. From the perspective of South Korea preparing for the unification, the study also attempts to identify some points to help make parents, teachers and students in North Korea be ready for what would happen during a transition period after the integration of education between the South and the North.