2013, Vol., No.37

The meaning of invading Paeryo and installation relationship with Later-Yan by King Gwanggaeto of Goguryo

Shin Jung Hoon | 2013, (37) | pp.5~39 | number of Cited : 3

In 395 A.D., King Gwanggaeto of Goguryo conquered Paeryo in the area of Siramuren river. In that time, Later-Yan gone into war with Northern Wei. Northern Wei invaded territory of Later-Yan in march of 395 A.D. Northern Wei defeated utterly Later-Yan in Chamhabpa of Eastern Mongolia. In 385 A.D., Goguryo had a war with Later-Yan for taking Yodong.. After the war between Goguryo and Later-Yan, both countries became potential enemies for each other. Later-Yan had a battle with Northern Wei In 395 A.D. At that time, King Gwanggaeto conquered Paeryo without check of Later-Yan. Goguryo obtained flocks of sheep, horses and cattle. These material resources were used attack on Baekje. After conquest of Paeryo, King Gwanggaeto of Goguryo made a round of Yodong for hunting. In that time, Yodong was territory of Later-Yan. Later-Yan raise an large scale army against Northern Wei. In the face of these situations, the Goguryo forces could understand topograpies and planimetric feat1ures of Yodong area. Meanwhile, this theses takes note of relationship between Goguryo and Later-Yan. Goguryo employed a foreign policy in which it maintained the installation relationship with Later-Yan in 396 A.D.. At this time, Later-Yan was consistently attacked by Northern Wei. In this situation, if Goguryo had invaded in Later-Yan, Later-Yan had to raise the tomahawk with Goguryo and Northern Wei. On this reason, Later-Yan used installation relationship as a safety device. On one hand, Goguryo accepted installation relationship. Why did accept Goguryo installation relationship from Later-Yan? Because Goguryo was admitted the dominium in the region of Pyeongju, Yodong and Daebang by Later-Yan. Also, It had relevance to a relation with Baekje. Goguryo captured 58 castles and 700 country of Baekje in 396 A.D. In this situation, Goguryo could concentrated on attacking Baekje without unawaring of Later-Yan.

Significance of National Integration of the Two Jinju Fortress Battles during Imjin War

Park, Hee-Bong , Kyoungseok Jang | 2013, (37) | pp.41~96 | number of Cited : 3

The policies and awareness on martial arts of Crowned prince Sado

Kim, Jun Hyuk | 2013, (37) | pp.97~126 | number of Cited : 5

The Crowned prince Sado is a character of misfortune who is father of the Chosen dynasty’s 22nd king Jung-jo and second son of the 21st king Young-jo. The assessment of him from later on was as unfortunate as the crowned king who died in a rice container as a sacrificial victim of party strife. Because of that, his contribution to the improvement of martial arts in the late Chosen dynasty and also the roll for the reformation of a military policy was overlooked. There was not even an attempt to study various assessments of his life. The Crowned king Sado was a substitute ruler who ruled the nation for 13 years as a prince who has the right of succession. He’s 13 years of govern wasn’t short compared to other Chosen dynasty king’s the period of reign. And yet, there was no fair assessment due to the prejudice he was subjected to. Ever since he was young, the Crowned prince Sado had aa military spirit and based on this he tried to succeed and actualize king Hyo- jong’s reinforcement of national defense policy to overcome the humiliation of the Im-jin war and also the Byung-ja war. He actively participated in training for martial arts like archery and swordsmanship, and reinforced the theory of martial arts by writing books and developing battle formation. He also tried to increase his strength by reinforcing national defense and taking a lead on publishing ‘Mu-ye-sin-bo’ in 1759, which helped give a boost to military nobility. However, because he was killed in an Imo Incident, his military mind and north-conquering theory wasn’t assessed fairly. Although the fact that the Crowned prince tried to inherit King Hyo-jong’s throne isn’t clear on records, it seems like he tried to gain political cause on King Hyo-jong who is his blood relation instead of his father King Young-jo who tried to run politics based on Tang-pyung, but has thoughts mainly on No-ron. In terms of that, publishing a military book and inheriting King Hyo-jong’s throne is a political action. Thus the Crowned prince Sado meant to solidify his political power and had intended to start a reformation of system after he took over military power and become a king. The Crowned prince Sado’s military reinforcement policy remained throughout his son King Jeong-jo’s reign and contributed to Chosen’s defense and the martial arts by the publish of ‘Mu-ye-do-bo-tong-gi’ and the foundation of the king’s private military camp ‘Jang-yong- young’ in 1791(15thyearofJung-jo).

The Basic structure of <Seon’weon Bogam(璿源寶鑑)>, and how and why it was published

Hwang In-hyuk , Kiduk Kim | 2013, (37) | pp.127~155 | number of Cited : 2

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The Intention about cultural heritage education concerned on national unification - Centering around digital traditional culture contents -

Park, Jae-young | 2013, (37) | pp.157~190 | number of Cited : 6

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왕부지의 中華의식, 그리고 移住와 문화융합에 대한 이중성

Chunbok Lee | 2013, (37) | pp.191~250 | number of Cited : 6

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중국 전통극 ‘票友’ 고찰

You Jinhee | 2013, (37) | pp.251~277 | number of Cited : 1

The Sale of Chinese Eastern Railway and Sino-Japan-Soviet Diplomatic Relations

Kim Ji Hwan | 2013, (37) | pp.279~311 | number of Cited : 4

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Church’s reaction to the absent of Mass after black death: focused on the 14th and 15th centuries in England

Pilleun Lee-Park | 2013, (37) | pp.313~336 | number of Cited : 1

A Study on the Banner Land Trading and Disputes in Qing Manchuria

허혜윤 | 2013, (37) | pp.337~358 | number of Cited : 1

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Banner Land System, as the economic foundation of the Eight Banner System in Qing Dynasty, began to collapse after the middle period of Qing. Flexible selling was a kind of real estate(especially land) dealing form which different from pawning and ultimate selling in traditional Chinese society. After the Banner occupied China, administration of Han chinese and the Banners was separately done. Facing frequent flexible selling disputes with Banner Land, Qing government tried to put flexible selling into a dual pattern of pawing and ultimate selling through promulgating stable laws, and meanwhile eliminating the root of flexible selling disputes through counsel and punishment by judge and announcement. But as a kind of spontaneous, non-government and informal system, the rising of flexible selling had deep social root. In middle and later Qing dynasty, politics was out of control, the widening gap between poor and rich, and land price’s frequent fluctuation all lead to the uncertainty of discount’s reference price; and justice officials’ sentence means which was based on the value idea around Confucian teachings made flexible selling to change from “illegal status” to “common status”, which played an important role in the formation and development of flexible selling. Farmland and allowances were bestowed by the Qing government on the Banners. But by the end of the 18th Century, almost all of the dispensed land had already been sold out. Dependent on meager allowance for a living, the Banners faced livelihood diffculties as a consequence. Whereas it is evident that Manchuria's Banners had found a means to exchange land across caste boundaries, to regulate claims to property that were not reconized by the state, and in the process to conceal illegal acquisitions of land form it, the fact that such developments remained wholly within the sphere of customary practice.

The Chinese Political Controversy in the Early Reform Years and the Stages of the Socialist Development Theory

Ahn Chi-Young | 2013, (37) | pp.359~391 | number of Cited : 1

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There has been a lot of political controversies about the reform agenda in Chinese early reform years. This article focus on the controversy over the stages of the socialist development theory which is one of the most important but little known. This article investigate the two backgrounds of the controversy. One is the controversies over the stages of the socialism after the establishment of the PRC especially with the formulation of the general line for the transition to socialism in 1953. The other is the theory controversies around the early reform year over the reform agenda. This article investigate the processes of the controversy over the stages of the socialist development theory. The controversy was started by the article "On the Problem of the Social Development Stages after the Proletariat Revolution," which was co-written by Su Shaozi and Feng Ranrui. After the publication of the article Hu Qiaomu-the chinese theorist-Czar and Deng liqun-the conservative ideologue criticised that the article refused that the PRC was the socialist state. But the criticism was prevented by the CCP Central Committee Propaganda Department, because it concluded that Su Shaozi and Feng Ranrui did not assert that the PRC was not socialist country. But until the deepening of the reform in 1984 and the settlement of the theory of the primary stage of the socialism, Hu Qiaomu repeated his critics intermittently. Although there had repeated the anti-Liberalization Campaign, Hu Qiamu's critics on the stages of the socialist development theory did not diffused. That reflected the characteristics of the Chinese reform. On the aspect that the political changes did not correspond to the economic changes, the Chinese reform was the economic reform without the political reform. But it means what was the need for economic reform was accepted notwithstanding not corresponding to the political reform. The stages of the socialist development theory was needed for the economic reform although it had some contradiction to the socialist theory.

Mainland Chinese Immigrants in Hong Kong: Change and Continuity

Chang, Jung-a | 2013, (37) | pp.393~426 | number of Cited : 4

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2013, Vol., No.37