2008, Vol., No.69

The Political Situation and System Change Before and After the Reign King Jangsu of Goguryeo Dynasty

Jo Yeong kwang | 2008, (69) | pp.1~32 | number of Cited : 3

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In the political history of Goguryeo(高句麗), from the end of the fifth century to the early sixth century was very important period. It was the watershed of periodization that showed the transition to the latter period from the middle period. And it was political fluctuating period when systemic change occurred. Goguryeo went through the strengthening of regal power steadily and became an adamant centralized kingdom in the fifth century. Especially during the King Jangsu(長壽王)’s rein the royal household was scared and Goguryeo formed an individual outlook on the world. During the period the royal authority was in its peak and absolute regal power was established. In this back ground King Jangsu transferred the Capital to Pyeongyang(平壤) for the security of the nation and the regal power. In the process of strengthening regal power Nakrang-Daebang Aristocratic Group(樂浪․帶方系) played an important role. They were subsumed under a monarch when Goguryeo subjugated the bygone Chinese Colonies(漢郡縣) since the fourth century. After that they sticked to the king and became a councilors who attend the king closely. In that way they supported the royal authority. About fifth century they coalesced with king and in the end became a major group in the central political circles. It seems that King Jangsu purged them in the latter half of the rein under a various political adjudge like secure succession of the throne by the eldest grandson of king and maintenance of absolute sovereign authority. It can be confirmed by the records which said that the Goguryeo Aristocratic Group of Koguryo in that time took refuge in China. The liquidation of Goguryeo Aristocratic Group burdened to the regal power of Goguryeo in the long term. After that liquidation the regal power lost its supporters and was weakened rapidly. It caused domestic turbulence. Maybe the calamities and inferiority of the foreign relation during the King Munja(文咨王)’s rein was the result of those series of affairs. Like this, from the King Munja’s rein there appeared the symptom of weakening royal authority. It was accelerated in King Anjang(安臧王)’s rein and in contrast the aristocratic power became stronger. Coming to the throne in this situation, King Anjang felt the necessity of regaining the regal power. So he worshiped the Founder’s shrine and conducted an expedition in a person by the king and so on. But all those efforts conducted without foundation that could support the royal authority hardly get the results. Rather they increased the threat of the aristocratic group who guarded against the strengthening of regal power and caused the regicide of King Anjang himself. The regicide of king An-Jang drove the political situation of Goguryeo to a full-dress confusion. And it resulted in the establishment of Aristocrats-coalition Government.

The Role of General Yu Geum-pil(庾黔弼) in theUnification of Later Three Kingdoms by the Goryeo Dynasty

GapDong Kim | 2008, (69) | pp.33~67 | number of Cited : 12

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The Goryeo and Mongol Combined Forces Invasion againstthe Japan and Military Ships of the Goryeo Dynasty

YOON, YONGHYUK | 2008, (69) | pp.69~114 | number of Cited : 3

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Viewpoints and Countermeasures by Seoae Ryu Seong-ryongon the Japanese Invasion against the Joseon in 1592

방기철 | 2008, (69) | pp.115~145 | number of Cited : 3

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This writing is to identify the understanding of Ryu Seong-ryong(柳成龍) through his viewpoints on the opinion of Japanese aggression on the Joseon Dynasty, assessment of Japanese troops, and peace negotiations with Japan. Ryu Seong-ryong regarded the possibility of Japanese aggression against Joseon before Japanese Invasion against the Joseon in 1592 as a matter of low. As for the Japanese situation, he knew that Toyotomi Hidoyoshi(豊臣秀吉) brought the country under a single authority but was unaware of details such as the process of his coming into power. Ryu Seong-ryong believed that Japan invaded the Joseon in order to invade Ming, China. He argued that the Joseon should learn the strong points of Japanese Forces because he thought the Joseon was defeated at the earlier part of the war due to the insufficience of Joseon in preparation, the surprise attack by the Japan, and Japan’s overwhelming against the Joseon. After the recovery of Pyeongyangseong(平壤城), however, he began to change his viewpoints on Japanese Forces, and rated Japanese Forces low by pointing out the defects in tactics of Japan, being confident that Joseon could defeat Japan. Ryu Seong-ryong definitely had opposed peace negotiations with Japan because he believed that the diplomatic position of Joseon would be attenuated in the future and complete extermination of Japan would be impossible when Joseon could not participate in the peace negotiations. However, he later changed his ground to support the peace negotiations with Japan because he recognized that the negotiations could not be refused after Ming, China wanted the peace with Japan. He attempted to reconsolidate the preparedness of the Joseon Forces by obeying the Ming’s demands and gaining time. In fact, while the peace negotiations were being in progress, Joseon increased armaments such as manufacturing various weapons, repairing castle walls, introducing Jeolgang Strategy(浙江兵法), creating Hulryeondogam(訓練都監), converting into Jingwan System(鎭管體制), and ensuring provisions, following Ryu’s conceptions. Owing to this military strengthening, the Japanese Forces failed to go north and had to stayed on the southern coast when they invaded Joseon again in 1597. Ryu Seong-ryong might bring the Joseon to collapse by his misjudgement because he was charged with affairs of state during the war. This is why he should be careful in performing every affair, and it is safe to say that his policy toward Japan was considerably realistic.

The Righteous Army Operations in the Samga Area,Gyeongsang U-do Province during the Imjin Japanese Invasion:Focusing on the Righteous Army Leader Yun Tak

윤창현 , 박균열 | 2008, (69) | pp.147~190 | number of Cited : 2

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This paper is to research Yun Tak who was the Righteous Army Leader in Samga area, Hapcheon where is located in Gyeongsang Province, Korea, and his military operations, and to investigate into his role as the Righteous Army Leader during the Japanese Invasion against Joseon in 1592. As the war broke out in 1592, the Joseon Forces was not ready enough to defend its people and territory against the Japanese invasion effectively. On this account, it was natural that the Righteous Army was involved in that war. At first, almost civilians had not shared defend mental readiness together, leaved their hometown. However, the consistent invasion of the enemy forces and their atrocities made Joseon people arouse the hostile feelings against the Japan. Under unavoidable circumstances, and with the thought that they couldn’t give up their own home and residential site any more, it stood to reasons that the civil army in the cause of Confucian justice had been organized and established. Moreover Gyeongsang U-do, which means the right-side area in Gyeongsang Province, Korea, was the place not only to keep the Honam area for the war rehabilitation to the Joseon Forces, but also to secure the supply routes for the Japanese Forces. Accordingly, it was an important area to both Joseon and Japan strategically. This reasons brought the violent battle, thus many a Righteous Army leaders who engaged in Gyeongsang U-do battles struggled to defend to the last. This battle in the military history was very meaningful in some respects that the Righteous Army harassed the rear of the enemy and dispersed the strength of the Japanese Forces. Gwak Jae-u who founded the first righteous army after the outbreak of the war was looked upon as local insurgents by Gamsa Kim Su and Byeongsa Jo Dae-gon. Gamsa and Byeongsa was a sort of provincial governor of the Joseon at that time. When the Righteous Army Gwak Jae-u lead to fight against the Japanese Forces was attacked by the royal troops, civilian soldiers got scattered. He would also cease a battle against Japan and take the refuge in Jirisan which is located in the southern middle area of Korea. In those days, a newly appointed Choyusa Kim Sung-il met Gwak Jae-u in Danseong area and encouraged him into participating in the war by the guarantee of his military operations. Choyusa Kim’s pivotal role made the Righteous Army operations in that area brought back to life. In addition, the civil army of Kwak Jae-u in Uiryeong area and one of Yun Tak in Samga area became one group and the cooperative military power increased more and more. The righteous army members who came from Samga area had executed special assault operations for not their area but other provinces. Based on the scope of regular operations, that had been never respected higher than other army team at that time. So in making patriotic old veterans policies and researching the Imjin Japanese Invasion, the Samga Righteous Army and its leader Gusan Yun Tak should be reevaluated appropriately.

A Study on the KATUSA in the Korean War

Moon, Kwan-hyun | 2008, (69) | pp.191~224 | number of Cited : 1

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It is a well documented fact that the Republic of Korea(ROK) Army service members took part in various battles during the Korean War, including the 1950 Incheon Amphibious Landing Operations, as the Korean Augmentation Troops to the United States(US) Army(KATUSA). Since then, the KATUSA program as become a key element of the alliance between the ROK and the US that bridges the two nations. However, little is known about the fact that the ROK service members also fought in the war hand-in-hand with forces from other nations that sent troops to the United Nations Command(UNC), such as France, Belgium, Australia, the Netherlands and nations of the British Commonwealth. The nations forming the British Commonwealth used to call those ROK troops assigned to their units as the Korean Augmentation Troops to the Commonwealth Division(KATCOM) to define them from those assigned to the US Army. Considering these facts, one can safely assume the ROK troops were assigned to most of nations of the UN Allied, but it was difficult to find their traces as the Army Headquarters maintain few documents of the US personnel office, which was responsible for the handling of issues related to the KATUSA program. In many cases, those ROK soldiers, who were assigned to the UN Allied Forces, also did not understand why they were asked to fight with foreign troops who used different languages and weapon system and had different color of skin. Some of those troops used to call themselves “the UN student soldiers” as most of them were selected for their high academic background. Still, it was confirmed for fist time while researching for this paper that Australia and the Netherlands awarded medals to the ROK service members that fought in the war with their forces while Belgium engraved the names of their ROK augmenters along with the names of their own troops in its Korean War Memorial Monument. The Korean War marks a significant page in the history of the UN, in which the world body defended a democratic nation from a communist invasion by forming a multi-national coalition for the first time since it was established on October 24, 1945. The ROK troops assigned to the UN Forces were a vital element in that historic process. Yet, the studies about the Korean War have been focused too much on the US, its role and its achievements, thus neglecting the deeds of the UN and other countries of the UNC.

The Research on the Development of the ROKA Trainingand Education during the Building Period

김원대 | 2008, (69) | pp.225~261 | number of Cited : 0

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It has been almost 60 years since the birth of the Republic of Korea Army(ROKA) which was a leading force of Korea’s modern history. At the time of its birth, the ROKA went through a lot of trial and error in the process of being trained in dependent way under the influence of the Korea Military Advisory Group during period of ruling by the US Military Government. However, the ROKA is also being given historical evaluation that it played a decisive role in winning victory during the Korean War. Through reflection on the military system and the training and education system at the birth of the ROKA, the important implications will be given in terms of clarification of the identity of the ROKA and establishment of futuristic direction for military training and education. This approach is important considering that the ROKA is in active process of escalating itself to stronger world-class army. At this critical juncture, the effort to reflect on the development of the ROKA’s training and education programs that were implemented during the earlier days of the birth of the ROKA and to learn from shortcomings of the past program is considered very meaningful. In this context, the following approaches are taken through this study. First, a study on the birth process of the ROKA’s training and education programs during times of birth of the ROKA and analysis of features of these programs are conducted. Second, a study on the pattern of the ROKA’s training and education programs and analysis of features of each pattern are conducted. Third, a case study on the application of these training and education programs to actual filed operation are conducted and implication of this study, is formulated. Through this study, micro and macro reviews on specific situation which influenced the ROKA’s education and training programs at the time of the ROKA’s birth while also conducting analysis of previous cases within filed operation troops, literature studies, and the review on testimonies of related persons. The characteristics of the ROKA’s training and education programs that were implemented during cataclysmic days of birth of the ROKA after the liberation from Japan in 1945 are as follows. First, those programs are showing foreign-dependent characteristics. Second, those programs look like those of the US Forces on the surface but in reality, those were modeled after those of Japanese Army. Third, due to internal and external factors, the ROKA was not able to concentrate on education and training programs at that time. Fourth, there has been differentiation and development of those programs based on pattern such as training education, salaried education, and troop training. The reason why the ROKA was not able to concentrate on training and education is that there was failure in setting clear goals of training and education due to vague identity of the ROKA at the time of its birth. The necessity to put down the action of leftists and to prevent the North Korean People’s Army(NKPA) from invading the ROK limited the ROKA’s ability to implement systematic training and education. Also insufficient support in terms of educational supplements such as educational contents and references worked as obstacle in effective implementation of training and education. The historical lessons about training and education during the Building Period of the ROKA are suggesting how important the clear establishment of goals, aggressive development and support of a variety of educational supportive means and strong mentality are. Therefore, there has to be effort to apply the above implications to actual field of education in terms of establishment of training and education development planning in the future.

The 60th Anniversary of the ROK Armed Forces:What should be done for Next 60 Years?

Sungpyo Hong | 2008, (69) | pp.263~297 | number of Cited : 2

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This year is the 60th anniversary of the establishment of the Republic of Korea(ROK) Armed Forces. Soon after the establishment, the ROK Armed Forces should fiercely fight against the North Korean People's Army(NKPA) communist invaders from the north. After the Korean War, the ROK Armed Forces played a pivotal role for recovering construction of a ruined nation. Nowadays the ROK Armed Forces is ranked as top the 5th in military personnel, the 10th in defense budget, the 10th in weapon modernization in the world. In this context, let me examine what should be done for next 60 years to come for national defense? Advanced countries including the United States(US) are exerting national efforts for modernizing its military for preparing future warfare. They are concentrating national effort for constructing military systems such as C4ISR and PGMs for visualization of battle-space and enhancing precisional engagement capabilities. The ROK and the US agreed to transfer operational control(OPCON) to the ROK by April 2012. Many specialists on defense emphasized that the ROK Armed Forces should primarily acquisite the advanced ISR systems including AWACS and strategic reconnaissance aircraft before OPCON transfer. It is essential for the ROK to deter war and minimize war damage. Another important thing for the ROK Armed Forces is to enhance the joint of Army, Navy and Air Force. Advanced countries are exerting their utmost effort for cost-effective defense system. The ROK is also required the same endeavor for strengthening its defense capability. The ROK Armed Forces should transfer its structure from military personnel-centric defense structure to technology-centric structure. Defense Reform Plan 2020 is pursuing the same direction for restructuring the armed forces. It is included reduction of military personnel, enhancement of jointness, transfer of OPCON and command structure. We have to support the Defense Reform Plan 2020 come true in the near future.

A Study on the Development of the Relations between theMilitary and the Civilian in the Russian Federation

Kim,Tae-Ung | 2008, (69) | pp.299~330 | number of Cited : 1

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Now a days international security situation in the course of globalization that brings up the questions concerning the direction of development of a sovereign state is operating as the important factor in searching the role of army and the relations between the civilian and the military. There are two factors (one is political, the other is social factor) in the essence of the relations between the civilian and the military which play a decisive role in establishing and developing the identity of the state in consistence with modern democratic political and social system in rapid changing situation of Russia. The relations between the civilian and the military in the Russian Federation are focussing on resolving two questions. One is the conflict between the civilian society that is participating in the process of fulfillment of the military service and the military authority that is responsible for the national defense. The other is exercising a political influence of russian civilian society over the military. And we appreciate that resolving these questions is based on the national security. Modern Russian Federation in the face of geopolitical security threats including the expansion of NATO and transnational threats seek his own development to the advanced democratic relations between the civilian and the military which leads him to obtaining the legal authority and restoring the confidence from the people. Here we could prospect that such efforts for development to the advanced democratic relations between the civilian and the military of the Russian Federation will be executed through the switching over to the new stabilized security model, establishment of modern concept of the relations between the civilian and the military, and fulfilling of it’s development in the military technical aspect. And all these efforts for development to the advanced democratic relations between the civilian and the military are evaluated as a epoch-making changing for the establishment and development of relation between the civilian and the military in the category of generalization of liberal democracy of western Europe as a final form in Fukuyama’s theory of end of history.

A Study on the Development and Countermeasures of the NK Weapons of Mass Destruction

Changkook Kang | 2008, (69) | pp.331~366 | number of Cited : 1

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The purpose of this article is to review on the development and countermeasures of the Weapons of Mass Destruction(WMD) in North Korea (NK). In the WMD, Atomic, Biological and Chemical(ABC) are included. In addition, Ballistic Missiles are also included in WMD. NK has developed nuclear weapons since 1960’s and tested his nuclear weapon on October 9. 2006. NK mentioned about that he will not followed the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Treaty(NPT) on March 12, 1993 and actually out of the treaty on January 10, 2003. And thus, he became 9th country which has the nuclear weapon in the world. International regime for WMD is included the Biological Weapons Convention(BWC), Chemical Weapons Convention(CWC), and Missile Technology Control Regime(MTCR). North Korea’s nuclear showdown with the world and aggressive WMD proliferation activity present two important policies implications for the ROK—the one for Korean Unification and the other for “No-WMD” policy of the ROK Government. North Korea’s bad images in the international community are worsened, the ROK will be much more burdens in the future. Korean Unification will not be feasible and welcome unless the international community firmly believes that unification does not disturb regional stability and peace. In this context, it is getting growing importance to eliminate international suspicions over the two Korea’s ambitious to possess WMD. NK WMD were developed for multi-purpose as one of national policies such as internal control, threat to the ROK, negotiation means for international. In the political field, NK strongly intentions the non- proliferation of nuclear and continuously threats with deterring the nuclear power and possessions of the nuclear. The nuclear abandonment in processing by NK, I understand that there is no options for physical and economica struggles in the world society. In addition, NK will use the WMD as means for economical methods and securing the his national security. Nevertheless, NK will use WMD as one of methods for his regime and government stability with the nuclear card in the end.

KJCKorea
Journal Central

military history 2023 KCI Impact Factor : 0.94

2008, Vol., No.69