2018, Vol., No.108

United Nations Command in Korean Peninsula : The Past and The Present

In Hyo Seol | 2018, (108) | pp.1~36 | number of Cited : 8

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Nuclear Armed State’s Military Strategy and Force Planning: Pakistan and its implication to North Korea

Kim Tae Hyun | 2018, (108) | pp.37~82 | number of Cited : 8

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The purpose of this article is to analyze how to develop a military strategy and build military forces especially focusing on the conventional forces of nuclear armed states as a comparative case study of Pakistan, based upon a force planning framework of strategy driven model. This paper will examine a trend of conventional forces after and before possessing nuclear weapons and clarify how to build conventional forces in rivalry with Indian border threats. I have two arguments in this study. Firstly, this article argues that pakistan does not reduce conventional forces even after developing nuclear weapons which has only a limited security effectiveness. This causes a little nuclear substitution effect. Secondly, pakistan is developing its own military strategy based on a ‘nuclear-conventional interplay’, which priority mostly lies in building a strong land forces. This aims to address a possible surprise attack from india conceptualized as a Cold-Start Doctrine. This military strategy deals with a limited conventional attack in the nuclear shadow to penetrate pakistan’s territory by cutting a military mobilization time and elevating a military readiness. To address an indian blitzkrieg-like CSD, Pakistan has developed a Full-Spectrum Deterrence nuclear strategy on the one hand, and a New Concept for Warfighting conventional strategy on the other hand. Accordingly, Pakistan is increasing tactical nuclear weapons including low-yield nuclear weapons and delivery systems, and modernizing joint operation capabilities in order to implement its military strategy. After all, this paper will argue that a strategy-driven force planning model is to be estimated an useful tool to explain nuclear armed states’ force planning and conventional forces in the shadow of nuclear weapons still key factor to deter and address multiple external threats. In Conclusion, this paper provided some implications for north Korean military development.

The Limits of Protecting Cultural Properties of the US in Armed Conflict through the Iraq War and Imperialism

Kim, Kyungmin | 2018, (108) | pp.83~124 | number of Cited : 3

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The efforts of the international communities to protect the cultural properties in armed conflict have mainly developed in the experience of war. Finally, after the First and Second World Wars of the first half of the 20th century, a comprehensive international law was enacted that take together the discussions since the end of the war. This is the first comprehensive international treaty for the protection of cultural property in conflict, which was ‘Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict with Regulations for the Execution of the Convention 1954’ initiated by UNESCO. Despite these efforts, however, destruction and looting of cultural property still have taken place in disputed areas around the world. In particular, the outbreak of the Iraq war, which started with the invasion of Iraq by the US on March 20, 2003, became a crucial reminder of the awareness of the preservation of the cultural heritage. With the looting of the Iraqi museum as well as cultural properties throughout Baghdad, the entire world was saddened by the loss of cultural heritage in Mesopotamia, one of the birthplace of civilization. Then, it was internationally criticised that the occupation forces, the US military, stood by and watched the situation. This essay examines the significance and limitations of the 1954 Hague Convention, and explores the legal and ethical background of how the US military responded during the Iraq war. First of all, I will look at the paragraphs related to the protection of cultural heritage in the Army Field Manual(FM 27-10), the most representative guide of the US military, and point out the limitations. And I will examine the role and limitations of the military-archeology complex organized with archaeologists in order to protect the cultural properties during the Iraq war, and criticize the false perception of the US military of cultural properties revealed in its limits. Conclusively, pointing out that the attitude toward the preservation of the cultural heritage of the 21st century US Army is similar to that of the 19th century imperialism, it argues that, like the empires of the past, the US has also treated cultural properties as a superpower.

The U.S. military plan to attack China in the 1960s

Sohn, Hanbyeol | 2018, (108) | pp.125~168 | number of Cited : 2

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The Pacific War and Changes in the Strategic Values of the Government of the Republic of China

Hyungah Jung | 2018, (108) | pp.169~198 | number of Cited : 3

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The 20th century was marred by a series of wars, being called “the century of wars.” These wars played a sufficient role in changing many countries around the world, their diplomatic environments and national fate. In particular, wars take away and restore a county’s international position whether voluntarily or forcibly. One of the most notable cases can be found in China which was the most powerful country in the history of Asia. In a chaotic state following the plunder of imperialism and changes in its internal system in the 19th century, China lost its past authority in the international community and became a semi-colonial state. Wars in the 20th century also gave China chances to change itself. This study focused on this point, and, especially, on the Pacific War, among the wars that affected China in the 20th century, as the central background of the discussion. The study aimed to discuss what the Pacific War gave the Republic of China, and, in particular, what kind of changes there were in international relations. ‘What kind of opportunities did the Pacific War give to China?’ First, from its positive aspects, physical and human resources were definitely given to China to continue the war and stabilize the country. China was also able to put its name on the list of the world’s top 4 powers in the international community. However, since the cost of the Soviet-Japanese War had to be paid by China, the status of China as one of the World’s top 4 powers began to be doubted. As a result, changes in the strategic values of China that the United States expected from China opened a way for China to become a powerful nation, but they also resulted in the distorted phenomenon in which China, as an ally of the Soviet Union, had to sacrifice the national interest. Consequentially, the Republic of China benefited from the state of war upon the outbreak of the Pacific War, but, at the same time, it had to give up its national interest due to the situation right before the end of the war – the dispatch of Soviet troops to Manchuria.

A Study on the Establishment Process of the North Korean Maritime Security Forces: Focusing on the Origins and early Officers of the North Korean Navy

Kim, Seon-ho | 2018, (108) | pp.199~234 | number of Cited : 4

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The Maritime Security Forces(MSF) that were first established in North Korea were the Coastal Guard. The West Sea Coastal Guard was established in June 1946, and the East Sea Coastal Guard was established in July and August. And the name of the coastal guard was renamed as coast security forces in September. In April 1947, the coast security forces base was expanded to include the West Sea Coast Security Battalion(CSB) and the East Sea CSB. The main mission of the MSF was to guard of coastal area, to stop smuggling and to secure secret passage. Most of the commanders of the marine security forces were from the Korean Volunteer Army group, who graduated from regular military schools. On July 8, 1947, the North Korean political forces established a coast security officer school in Wonsan. The MSF were under the jurisdiction of the central administrative agency. However, the MSF command system collided with each other between the Soviet army, administrative and judicial agencies. The Soviet Military Command and the North Korean Prosecutor’s Office directly intervened in the work of the CSB. The CSB considered such intervention to be illegal and reported the intervention to the Interior Bureau. The Interior Bureau directly investigated the intervention of the Soviet Military Command and recovered the items exported by the Soviet Military Command. In addition, the Interior Bureau instructed the CSB not to take orders from the Prosecutors’ Office. After that, the command of the MSF was taken over by the Interior Bureau. The North Korean MSF were established at a time similar to that of the South Korean Coastal Guard(SKCG), but the SKCG was overwhelmingly large. It was because the US military government actively supported the expansion of the SKCG. The Soviet Union did not actively support the creation of MSF as compared to the United States. Only a small number of Soviet military advisers were stationed in North Korean MSF, and there were no Soviet weapons and equipments. The MSF were unable to expand their power because the Soviet military support was delayed. As a result, the North Korean MSF were separated from the military establishment process and remained as security forces of the central administrative agency. Also, the creation of the North Korean Navy was delayed.

The Point Issues of the Territorial Sovereignty over Gando and the Meaning of Border Treaty between North Korea and China of 1962

Yeong-Don Loh | 2018, (108) | pp.235~270 | number of Cited : 4

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The territorial sovereignty over Gando was claimed as a diplomatic issue between Choson(Korea) and Qing(China) in 1880’s. In the state which the issue was not solved by the two parties, Qing and Japan concluded the ‘Gando Agreement’ in 1909 and Choson could not set things right during Japanese colonial rule from 1910 to 1945. After Korea was liberated and divided into two Koreas in 1945 and the two Koreas formed each governments, the Gando issue was considered in an aspect of the unification of nation or territory, The studies on the Gando issue had been focused on verification for the invalidity of Gando Agreement of 1909 to indicate that present situation which seems that Gando vests in China is illegal or unrightful and so a new valid treaty is required, as good as 1880’s treaty, to replace the invalid Gando Agreement. And also various related studies have proceeded such as on the intention of Japan in the process of the treaty and on the interrelationship between Korea and Gando to confirm and emphasize Korea’s title to Gando. Meanwhile, the DPRK(North Korea) and the PRC(China) concluded a border treaty in 1962, but they agreed not to make public and not to register with the UN Secretariat. This secret treaty was obtained by chance by South Korea and reviewed its legal aspect with the confirmation of fact. According to the treaty between North Korea and China, Gando belonged to China but North Korea benefited in Cheonji(천지) Lake and Tumen River comparing to the Agreement of 1909. But this treaty is completely valid between the two parties in legal aspect. Since the treaty between North Korea and China of 1962 nullified or invalidated the agreement between Qing and Japan of 1909, since then or at least after 2000 when the treaty became known to South Korea, the study to verify the invalidity of the agreement of 1909 in South Korea side from a legal point of view. Based on these criteria, the previous issues and the following issues are classified; the former includes, for example, the invalidity of the Gando Agreement, border-demarcation talks between Choson and Qing in 1880’s, border monument on Beakdusan Mountain and old maps drew by various countries including western European countries. Whereas the fact that the treaty has never registered with the UN Secretariat does not allow the two parties to invoke it before the UN bodies according to Article 102 of the UN Charter and the matter of state succession of the treaty will come into question, which there is no established rule in international law about, therefore, should be examined from the viewpoint of international law policy as an issues of the latter.

Huang Zun-xian’s “Korea strategy" against Russia’s Advancement to Far east and King Gojong's Northern Diplomacy: Focused on Far Eastern Expedition of Admiral Lesovskii's Russian fleet(1880-1881)

Deokkyoo Choi | 2018, (108) | pp.271~308 | number of Cited : 5

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Yang Heon-Su's Leadership During the period of Byungin Yangyo(the War between Choseon and France) : Focused on the Mumford's Skills Model

Keun Byul Choi | 2018, (108) | pp.309~344 | number of Cited : 1

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The Suseong-gun in the early period of Joseon Dynasty

Kim jeongwoong | 2018, (108) | pp.345~394 | number of Cited : 1

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Suseong-gun, a local military unit in the early Joseon Period, was established in the sixth year of King Taejo’(1397), and was originally formed as defending army in the southern area with Poonghado. at the stronghold area. According to the “Sejong Sillogjiriji” Suseong-gun was established in the northern of Hamgildo and Pyeongando region of administrative district. Later Suseong-gun was organized into the southern area of administrative district, and in the northern area of stronghold which was newly made. The 10th year of King Sejo(1464), until it was integrated into Jeongbyeong, Suseong-gun contributed much to the defense of the periphery of the early Joseon Dynasty. which was an important part of the military power. In the early Joseon Dynasty, as private soldier was dismissed, It seems like that a small number of soldiers who were Siwipae(soldier who were in the military service obligatorily), was transferred into Suseong-gun, while the conscription system was being reorganized. The farmers, who are ordinary, seem to have been entered military service of Suseong-gun and they ware slightly lower level of the family living and physical strength. During the Joseon Dynasty, after the people finish the military service, they were given degree of official rank or were given public service position. However, Suseong-gun did not have such system, and was allowed to enter the superior level of army which were known as Gapsa. Suseong-gun served under the traditional military service system, which was the service method of the different forces during the Joseon Dynasty, and served two or three times a year depending on the region and according to the individual situation. When the number of military service required to be adjusted in the time of famine emergency period, the local government, and the Ministry of War suggested and approved by king. Although Suseong-gun was assigned to perform defending missions in the periphery area, it was believed to have performed maintaining the boundary area and security of fortification, and duty officer of the administrative organization. In case of emergency, they were sent on combat missions. During peacetime, they controlled the castle and stone barrage, and in case of emergency, they carried out the duties of going forward, checking and defending strong point. and they also carried out a task of cultivating a farm which was belonging to the military troops and belonging to administrative organization to support each organization. During the 20th year of King Sejong’s reign (1438), they were engaged in driving horse when checking and inspecting the military horse by the order of highest government officer. Suseong-gun did not have a training system to train themselves separately, and battle formation training was carried out on January 22 and November 22 to avoid farming season from the third year of the King Sejong's reign (1421). Then, it delegated battle formation training to the head of the regional commander and forbidden not to be gathered in one place. Suseong-gun's command system was activated within the framework of local command systems. The higher command system of the Suseong-gun which were belonging to the Yeong and Jin was carried out by Dojeoljesa and Bungmachemjeoljesa, and the administrative district in the northern region was probably commanded by the leader of the administrative district. Prior to the formation of the Jinggwan system, the Suseong-gun was organized into middle wing, so led by the commander of middle wing Bungmajeoljesa, and after the Jinggwan system was organized, Suseong-gun was controlled in the Jinggwan command system. Suseong-gun was mobilized like other specialties and branch of arms to punish Dama island and Wild Jurchens in the north, At this time, a separate command line was formed and sent down from the central government and was controlled as part of the local army under such a command chain.

Two point of view against the Vietnam War's past affairs

Lee Sin Jae | 2018, (108) | pp.399~412 | number of Cited : 2

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Unfail deathes, revealed the truth

Noe Youngi Gi | 2018, (108) | pp.413~424 | number of Cited : 0

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2018, Vol., No.108