2009, Vol., No.21

Reflection on the ordeal around Saumur in the XIth and the XIIth centuries

Jeong-Min Lee | 2009, (21) | pp.5~25 | number of Cited : 3

For the purpose of finding out the aspects of the ordeal, as a kind of the feudal judgement around Saumur in the XIth and the XIIth centuries, it is indispensable for us to examine the historical traces and the narrative remarks according to the Livre Noir of Saint Florent in Saumur under the title of Codex vetustarum donationum niger nuncupatus with 167 charters, more or less. This important cartulary enables us to meet a number of the precious informations about the feudal court of justice and the ordeals, as the judicium Dei, in this period. To accomplish this task, in first, we examine the feudal court of justice which depends on the witness, the oath and the duel for the lack of the documents and the evidences. It is possible to say that the feudal judgement will be influenced not by the truth of the case but by the economic and political support of the accuser or the accused. Secondly, we can see that the ordeals are divided to two types by the method to practice. The one is the unilateral ordeal by the trial with the water, the fire, the metal and so on. The other is the bilateral ordeal what we called the duel by combat. Under the belief of the omnipotence of God and the divine intervention, we look into the ordeal to find the innocent or not be, to claim the right and to testify the truth through the trial. Finally, we are interested in observing the attitude and the hospitality for the ordeals in the feudal world in spite of the series of the ecclesiastical criticism. In cutting the Gordian knot, the ordeal bearing the power of the persuasion seems to reflect not only the mentality of the Christianism but also the judicial characters of the feudal life under the existence of the violence and the bellicosity by the armed as well as the lack of the documents and the evidences around Saumur in the XIth and the XIIth centuries.

The French Revolution and the Birth of the Republic

양희영 | 2009, (21) | pp.27~51 | number of Cited : 6

For historians who maintain that the principles of the French Republic were completed in the period of the Constituent Assembly (1789~1791), the essence of the principles is national sovereignty and representation. Actually, the republicans of the period of the Constituent Assembly identified the republic with representation or argued that the republic could be realized by the representative organ, which was entrusted with sovereignty. However, national sovereignty and representation were joined not only with the republic but also with the monarchy and considered, for both the monarchists and the republicans, as means of controlling the direct exercise of sovereignty by the people. In other words, national sovereignty and representation were considered as means of establishing the republic and, at the same time, of escaping the dangers of direct democracy. It’s in the participation of citizens of the districts and fraternal societies in the political affairs that the questions of sovereignty and representation obtained a concrete and practical meaning. They wanted to exercise sovereignty without the mediation of a representative organ, the general assembly of representatives of the commune. In the process of struggles for the right of petition and right to vote, they criticized violations of popular sovereignty by national representation and tried to ensure the exercise of sovereignty by force of solidarity. It’s they who put pressure on the Constituent Assembly through the assemblies and petitions to demand the proclamation of the republic after the flight to Varennes of the royal family. As such, by their activities the republic became the synonym of democracy. The citizens who assembled in the meetings of the districts and fraternal societies realized literally the ideal of the republic, that is, the participation of the people in public affaires. In this meaning the republic appeared before the proclamation of the republic as a political system. Moreover, if participation of the people in public affaires began with the revolution, if it was possible as a result of the revolution, and if it was the essence of the revolution, the revolution itself was the republic.

Le Roi s’amuse and Theatrical Censorship under the July Monarchy

Soo-Yun CHUN | 2009, (21) | pp.53~75 | number of Cited : 1

Article VII of the Charter of 1830 declared that “censorship could never be re-established.” Taking advantage of the ambiguity of the article, the theatre could put everything and anything on stage. The theatre represented at that time a unique focus of collective interest: it was a place of social criticism and moral instruction as well as of entertainment. As a result, the theatre deeply threatened the regime in power and governmental control over theatrical subject was always much stronger than over written work. Le Roi s’amuse, written by Victor Hugo during the political and social tumult of June 1832, provides us with an opportunity to observe the force of emancipated theatre and the authorities’ reactions. It was performed at the Comédie-Française on November 22, 1832. Hugo upset profoundly the social hierarchy in this play. Francis I, considered one of the greatest kings of French history, is depicted as a cheap philanderer; even worse, as a simple marionette controlled by his buffoon. In fact, the real protagonist of the piece is the buffoon, not the king. It is Triboulet, the ugly buffoon, who appears to be the only person with a psychological depth: he certainly provokes repulsion, but his monologues are soul searching and soul wrenching. He is the grotesque hero with the sublime soul. Le Roi s’amuse was suspended after the first night because of its “immoral” aspects. Actually, the author was accused of being a regicide apologist. Hugo brought an action against the Comédie- Française for withdrawing the play without his consent. Even though he lost the lawsuit, it propelled him into celebrity as a defender of freedom of theatre in France. Due to the intense public interest aroused by Le Roi s’amuse case, the government hesitated to practice the censorship. However, the attempted assassination of the king by Fieschi in 1835 led to the implementation of the notorious laws of September, which included theatrical censorship.

Republicanism, liberalism and the Revolution of 1848

김인중 | 2009, (21) | pp.77~96 | number of Cited : 4

The Republic School and ‘Secularism(la laïcité)’ in the Early Third Republic of France: the Necessity of the Education of Women and Theirs roles

Shin Haeng-Seon | 2009, (21) | pp.97~115 | number of Cited : 7

Revolutionary Syndicalism: An International Comparative Analysis

Lee Yong Jae | 2009, (21) | pp.117~149 | number of Cited : 4

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French Republic and Immigration: Toward ‘a New Republic’?

박단 | 2009, (21) | pp.151~172 | number of Cited : 9

French Republicanism: Beyond Totalitarianism

Kim, Yong Woo | 2009, (21) | pp.173~189 | number of Cited : 7

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2009, Vol., No.21