After militarily occupying the Fushun Mine, Russia and Japan introduced an efficient mine operating system and modern mining and transport machines that increased coal production. As the demand for labor surged, many people flocked to the Fushun Coal Mine, which spurred development by creating residential and entertainment facilities, factories, and shops. Most notably, the South Manchuria Railway Co., Ltd. took over the Fushun Coal Mine operations and built embankment facilities, railways, roads, and bridges, along with the development of modern utilities and facilities such as schools, hospitals, and concert halls. These infrastructural changes quickly transformed Fushun City into a modern city that continued to develop after Russia and Japan occupied the area. In this way, the colonizing of Fushun easily slips into the metaphorical rhetoric of the city’s modernization as a product paved through Russia and Japan’s so-call ‘pioneering’ and ‘modernizing’ influences. Yet, beneath the product lies a colonizing reality that remained firmly in place in the lived experiences of the people. Even with such developments, the Chinese remained isolated in poor residential areas, while the Japanese enjoyed the lavish, more modernized facilities in the city. The stark contrast in living conditions between these groups contributed to ethnic discrimination, which consequently reduced Chinese employment opportunities and limited them to low-paying, temporary, and dangerous jobs. Deaths and injuries of Chinese coal miners were frequent at Fushun Coal Mine, which was made worse even with a modern health care system since it marginalized the Chinese as a second-class ethnic group. As such, while Fushun City is often described as the product of Russia and Japan’s ‘pioneering’ and ‘modernizing’ efforts, such descriptions often overlap with the realities of subjugation that reproduce colonial forms of oppression and exploitation. In other words, Fushun is the product of ‘colonial modernization.’