2010, Vol.7, No.3

The Korean Journal of School Psychology 2023 KCI Impact Factor : 1.68

pISSN : 1738-463X / eISSN : 2734-0112
https://journal.kci.go.kr/schooljr

This study was conducted to design the optimism enhancement program on the basis of the Penn Prevention Program and to examine its effects on middle school girls’ dispositional optimism, depression, and psychological well-being. The participants were 73 eighth-grade female students attending a girls’ middle school in K City. Thirty-seven students were assigned to the experimental group, who were given the optimism enhancement program and the rest were assigned to the comparison group. The experimental group received 10 weekly sessions (45 minutes per session) of the optimism enhancement program. To test the effects of the optimism enhancement program, the Life Orientation Test-Revised, the Children’s Depression Inventory, and the Scale of Psychological Well-being were administered. Data were collected through pre-test, immediate post-test, and one month-delayed post-test. Repeated-measures analyses of variance were run with group (experimental, comparison) as the between-subjects variable, measurement session (pre-test, immediate post-test, one month-delayed post-test) as the within-subject variable, and measures of optimism, depression and psychological well-being as the dependent variables. The results are summarized as follow. First, the group × measurement session effect in the level of dispositional optimism was not significant. Second, the optimism enhancement program was effective in decreasing the level of depression. The immediate effect of the optimism enhancement program on depression was significant and maintained at the one-month delayed post-test. Third, the optimism enhancement program was effective in increasing the level of psychological well-being. The immediate effects of the optimism enhancement program on ego acceptance, positive interpersonal relations, autonomy, and environmental control were maintained at the one-month delayed post-test. These results imply that the classroom-based optimism enhancement program be feasible and effective in improving middle school girls’ psychological well-being as well as reducing depression. However, the enhancement of dispositional optimism may require a longer-term intervention program including future-oriented components such as putting it in perspective and future goal setting. Finally, limitations of this research and suggestions for further research were presented.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating effects of shame in the relationships between adolescents' narcissism and depression. The subjects were 674 high school students in grades 1 through 3 in kyung gi province. They were assessed by The Narcisstic Personality Inventory, The Narcisstic Personality Disorder Scale, The Internalized Shame Scale, and The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. The results were as follows: First, adolescents' depression and overt narcissism showed a significant negative correlation. However, adolescents' depression and covert narcissism showed a significant positive correlation. Second, both adolescents' overt and covert narcissism had a significant effects on adolescents' depression. However, the effect of covert narcissism on adolescents' depression was relatively bigger than overt narcissism. Third, both adolescents' overt and covert narcissism had a significant effects on shame. However, the effect of covert narcissism on shame was relatively bigger than overt narcissism. Fourth, shame mediated the relationship between adolescents' overt and covert narcissism. Among adolescents' over narcissism, shame mediated partly superiority and authority to depression. However, shame did not mediated entitlement and depression. And shame mediated completely the relationship between self-praise and depression. Among adolescents' covert narcissism, exaggerated self-perception, selft-greatness, and egocentrism are mediated completely by shame. The results suggested that shame was proved to have the mediating effects between adolescents' narcissism and depression.

This study aim to clarify reliability and validity and construct the scale to measure children's covert narcissism and overt narcissism drawing clinical features and symptom generally with narcissism. 64 preliminary items were drawn collecting item of scale which have been used to measure narcissism at home and abroad, firstly some items of 64 preliminary items were excepted examining the notional inconsistence to measure children's narcissism and considering the relation with skewness, mean, standard deviation, internal consistency and social desirability scale. I considered item dis crimination, item information and item characteristic appling item response theory, drew final 24 overt narcissism items and 18 covert narcissism items through factor analysis, and searched form fit indices with confirmatory factor analysis. To clarify reliability of the scale constructed, I considered split-half reliability, internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The result from calculating internal consistency showed overt narcissism scale were .93 and covert narcissism scale were .87. And split-half reliability of overt narcissism scale were .91 and covert narcissism were .84 and test-retest reliability of overt narcissism scale was .84 and covert narcissism scale .70, it revealed as fine. Next, to clarify convergent of narcissism scale for children and discriminant validity, 8 validity scales and relation were drawn. Finally I comment constraint and supplementation for application in elementary school field.