2011, Vol., No.80

A Study on the Military System of the Late Period of silla

Kim Jong Soo | 2011, (80) | pp.1~33 | number of Cited : 8

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There had been, for its millenium, five turning points in the military system of Silla: from Six Regiments(六部兵) to Two Regiments(二部兵),from two to Daedang(大幢) and Jeong System(停制), from Daedang and Jeong System to Six Jeong/Nine Seodang(6停·9誓幢), and lastly to Three Divisions(三軍). The system in the late period of the dynasty began to collapse after it had culminated in Six Jeong/Nine Seodang. The genuine causes ofthe collapse lie first in the enlistment system. The enlistment system here means the 'fixed' military hierarchy which the Silla Dynasty had adopted since its foundation. It enabled Silla to pursuit for the unification of the three nations. However there lurked the serious problem in it. That is, under the enlistment system, soldiers were likely to be more devoted to their superior commanders rather than to their monarchs. Thus they were sometimes involved in mutiny in the name of their superior commanders.The extreme case of it was the various revolts which brokeout in the age of Hyegong(惠恭) King, at the end of Jungdae. After that, Jingol(眞骨) aristocrats engaged in the fights for the crown training the private army which had been prohibited at that time. The above features eventually led to the collapse of the public military system. Second, there was a national policy of ‘priority of civil service to military service' after the unification. Even though the gist of the Silla military system is its military officers, the dynasty enforced the priority. The wil lof Munmu(文武)King's, melt the weapons to make the farming tools, evinced the ethos of the time. Another evidence of the policy was Dokseosampum(讀書三品科) in the fourth year of King Wonseong(元聖)(788). It accelerated the predominance of civil service over military service. Also regional servicemen were exclusively selected from the graduates of Gukhak(國學). The policy was meant, by the ruling class, to spread the Confucian ideas and to strengthen the royal authorities, however, it resulted in the negative effect, the weakenin go fits military power. The dynasty, experiencing the collapse of Six Jeong/Nine Seodang system and distrusting the power of central military service, lastly resorted to the building of military camp Jin(鎭) on each seminal points. At the end of the dynasty, it was common to build ‘Jin' : the examples are Paegangjin(浿江鎭), Cheonghaejin(淸海鎭), Danseongjin(唐城鎭), Hyeolgujin(穴口鎭) and Jankujin(長口鎭). These jins effectively checked them ilitary power of local areas,not to mention that it protected the national barriers. However, the military power of jins came to be burden some to the central government when itcould notproperly controlthem.At the end of the dynasty, the chaotic situations such as the collapse ofthe central and local military system, and the rampancy of thieves all around gave way to the ounding of new nations, Hubaekje(後百濟) and Hugoguryeo(後高句麗), which were based upon the military power of Jins

Military Study on SungwooKim’s Victory over Japanese pirates in Late Goryeo Dynast

Lee Jea-joon | 2011, (80) | pp.35~66 | number of Cited : 4

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No historical record exists regarding Domanho Kim Seong-wu (1330∼1392) and his operations to repel Japanese Pirates in the late Goryeo Dynasty. Only his family and title is known from the words on the tomb stones of descendants and theplace-names around Boryeong region,originated from the battle against Japanese Pirates, can be found in local documents and geography books from the Joseon Dynasty. Despite the lack of historical data, the existence of Kim Seong-wu and his victory over Japanese pirates have been confirmed true through previous studies. This study, therefore, aims to cover the Goryeo Dynasty’s troop disposition and maneuver patterns during the fight against the Japanese Pirates. Prior to analyzing troop disposition and maneuver patterns at that time, this study explores the size of both Goryeo Dynasty and Japanese Pirates’ troops and the exact time of the battle. Kim is known to be Jeolchung General and Domanho of the east Jeonla Province. However, based on the military system and historical circumstances in late Goryeo Dynasty, it would be more plausible to say that Kim was a Manho assigned to the east Jeonla Province during the reign of King Wu in the late Goryeo Dynasty. The title Domanho seems to be given to him later on. The number ofKim’s troops is estimated to be around 140∼310 with 2∼3 fleets, while that of Japanese Pirates is to be around 340∼640 with about 20 fleets. It is also presumed that the time of the battle was around 1346 during the reign of King Gongyang on the basis of the invasion of Japanese Pirate to Boryeong region and circumstances at that time. Also, this study as certains whether he actually dispatched his troops around the area known to be Kim’s post, via geographic and regiona analysis. In terms of military action, the analysis has confirmed that most origins of the place-names would be true. Kim made the best use of the region strategically in that his troop disposition was similar to contemporary ones. Utilizing the concept of 3-zone defense. With this concept based by Kim, it is certain that Kim had military and tactical knowledge,and he leveraged geography in the battle. The maneuver patterns of Heukpo and Uipyeong-ri, the primary battlefields,have been examined by drawing the route of the troops from the place-names. These place-names have been selectively chosen not only from stories passed down mouth to mouth but also from Yeogidoseo and A Surve of Korean Geographical Names, books that deal with General Kim’s victory over Japanese Pirates. After geographical analysis of the selected battlefields, the possibility of the battles and their maneuver patterns are examined. Based on the examination, during Heukpo battle General Kim deployed bypass maneuver. In order to exterminate the Pirates, Kim’s army took a detourto Gunyip landing safely on Gundeuljae and successfully defeated them by approaching from inland. Also, in Uipyeong-ribattle, he employed maneuver tactic. During the fight, General Kim took advantage of geography to lure the Pirates into a trap while effectively mobilizing his troops to Bokbeongyi. From these two battles, it can be concluded the victory over Japanese Pirates around Boryeong in medieval times was a comprehensive one that combined successful attack, defence, and delaying tactics. In conclusion, in spite of the inferiority in numberand weapon, Kim Seong-wu protected Boryeong from the Japanese Pirates with military wisdom and ingenious strategy making the best use of geography.

The Study of Welfare for the killed and Wounded in the Early Joseon Dynasty

임용한 | 2011, (80) | pp.67~93 | number of Cited : 3

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The feature of Joseon's nation system was the centralization of government. In the military system, the rising of government power increased the duty of remuneration for the killed and wounded. Government invented the new system said Bok-Ho(復戶). Bok-Hohadbeen made in the late14th century,when traditional military system that nation gave lands to soldiers award for their service had been collapsed. Government selected indirectly way, exemption of service instead of giving material award. This exemption system was fitted to The New dynasty Joseon's military system, that had drilling system free from giving land. Bok-Ho(復戶) system was established by law. It was contained in Gyeongjeyukjeon(經濟六典) and Gyeongukdaeajeon(經國大典) But compensation was very small, because Joseon's finance condition was poor. family of a killed only received exemption of military duty for 3 years and 3 seok(石) of rice and bean. Rice and bean were not remuneration but funeral expense. Bok-Ho(復戶) was exemption of military duty or employment by office. In the Joseon, one man per family had to serve, if family possessed three men who were capable of military service, from 16 to 60 year sold. During he served in military, two men staying at home were exempted from another order by office which requisite labor. ExceptBok-Ho(復戶) and funeral expense, Government didn't approve any material support, and diverting Bok-Ho(復戶) forward financial add. For instance, at first, Government ordered not to requisite men in Bok-Ho(復戶) family on work for product tributes. Then, from late 15C, product of tributes was changed. Government and people prepared tributes to collect tax, by which Government or officer bought necessary product. Government didn't approve exemption of this new tax, because this was not labor but money. In the view of this point, it is difficult to regard Bok-Ho(復戶) as real compensation system. Because even though Bok-Ho(復戶) was not exist, if a man had been killed or wounded,family had no man to serve except owing not less than 4 men. But family to have more than 4 men was a very few. Therefore Bok-Ho(復戶) could not help poor family in finance. Realmaterial help was only funeral expense.

Practical Characteristics of General Lee's Command and Leadership

Lim Ik-soon , Sung-Hee Lee | 2011, (80) | pp.95~138 | number of Cited : 3

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This study has been conducted in order to investigate where the principle, which General Yi Sun-sin Lee had practiced and kept, came from, how they applied during the whole period of his military service, and what lessons could be drawn from the conclusions. The term of ‘command’ was used, as now, to indicate the hierarchical relations in the military command structure or show the meaning of performing military orders in a situation where the seniors give orders and the juniors must follow them. The other term of ‘leadership’, which is quite similar to the term of command though, referred to the meaning of more widely governing and ruling military forces or affairs. The norms of command and leadership in the early years of the Joseon Dynasty were defined by the philosophy of employing military forces, basic characteristics of combat commanders, the concepts of organizing military positions and employing troops, and applying military command, all of which were written by King Sejo himself, including the basic ideas of Confucianism. With the special emphasis on these norms, General Lee took the initiative in practicing his own principles which have two distinctive dimensions of conformity and creativity. The principle of conformity is closely related with the principles of keeping faithfulness and establishing command, while the principle of creativity refers to the concepts of benevolence and discipline including the employment of military tactics. In practicing the principles of faithfulness, we regard the things we must tactic staking into account of the battlefield situations and the enemy. For the principle of establishing command, however, we need to have great respect for the dignity of humans and carefully apply the military law in accordance with changes in the law system. With regard to the principle, we should make an effort to be mentally strong enough to be voluntarily faced with combat through the sophistication of military education and discussion.

A Study on the County Governor who Name is Sim Heungtag Report, Those Time of Invasion of Russia and Japan to the Island of Ulleung

JungWon Hong | 2011, (80) | pp.139~165 | number of Cited : 5

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The research of Russian -Japanse dispute for Russian Kuril Islands

박종효 | 2011, (80) | pp.167~207 | number of Cited : 6

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The current dispute between Russia and Japan over the KurilIs lands began with the 1951 San Francisco Pease Treaty. However, the history of Russian-Japanese dispute over the Kurilis lands can betraced back to the time before the conclusion of Treaty of Commerce and Navigation in the city of Shimoda in1855. In regard to this dispute, the Treaty of Shimoda partitioned the Kuril islands, with the state border running between Urup and Iturup. It was settled that fouris lands situated north of this border, that is Southern Kurils(or Northern territories) would belong to Japan, while is lands to the north of the border, including Urup, would belong to Russia. However in 1875 the border was revised again, and in accordance to the Treaty of Saint Petersburg Russia and Japan exchanged South Sakhalin to all the KurilIs lands.This made the border more stable. Suddenly, without declaration of war, Japan began hostilities with Russia at the Korean port of Incheon on February 8, 1904. Then it attacked the Russian Second and Third Pacific Squadrons in coastal waters of Tsushima and won. There upon, the previous treaties of Shimoda and Saint Petersburg were abrogated and replaced by the Treaty of Portsmouth in 1905. Japan took South Sakhalin from Russia and had its dominance in Korea officially recognized. Because of this the previous treaties of Shimoda and Saint Petersburg became in valid. So Japanese claims for that South KurilIs lands are legally Japanese territory lostany meaning. There are problems with claims that this area is <<historically>> a Japanese territory, since the local indigenous people are Ainu, not Japanese, so such statement is the act of territorial aggression toward the minority. Japan started the Pacific War which ended with its unconditional surrender to the Allied Powers.At the time of escalating Cold War between the USA and USSR 49 countries except USSR signed the San Francisco Treatyin 1951. Benefit from the Security Treaty Between USA and Japan, Japan got guarantees pertaining to its national defense and started to develop as a great economic power. Japan still lays claims to Russia and describes South Sakhalin and South Kurilas <<greedily and unlawfully occupied territories>>.However itis Japan who started Russian-Japanese war and annexed Korea and South Sakhalin. Later, using chaos in Russia arising from the revolution, Japan annexed some regions of Russian Far Eastand kept the musing Scorched Earth tactics for 5 years. Unlike the Japanese invasion, Soviet Union seizure of Kuril was done in accordance with Yalta Pactand apprehending of duality of Aliens Powers(England, USA, China and USSR). After this the USSR fulfilling the Yalta Pact regained South Sakhalin and Kuriland punished Japan for war crimes. Had the idea of socialism not spread after the Second World War, and had the Cold War never started, Japan officially would transfer South Sakhalin and Kurilin 1951 to Soviet Union in accordance with the San Francisco Treaty. So there would be no basis for a dispute with USSR. In other words, had the name of Soviet Union been officially included in the San Francisco Treaty, Japan would never have had anyway to demand Sakhalin and Kuril from USSR. The USSR collapsed in 1991 and Russia have improved its relationships with USA,so now United States does not intervene in the island's dispute as actively as it did before. So the problem of South Kuril becomes a problem of Russian-Japanese relations and entered new phase. Japan however which has remained quite aggressive even after the conclusion of the Soviet-Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 which agreed to hang over two islands, didn't execute the terms of Declaration of 1956 and again started territorial disputes with neighbor countries claiming 4 islands from Russia. Accordingly Russia has taken firm actions in strengthening defense including ballistic missile for protection of South Kuriland insists on maintaining territorial holdings from the Second World War. The Japanese assertion of sovereignty over the islands has led to nothing except mistrustand tension.

The Characteristics and result of Tank Employment in Korean War

Rohyangkyu | 2011, (80) | pp.209~258 | number of Cited : 0

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During the Korean War (1950∼1953), the tank was a decisive weapon system which dominated the battlefield. TheT-34 tank conducted decisive role as to drive the Republic of Korea (ROK) and the United States (US) Forces into the Line of defense, Nakdong River.On the other hand, during the counter-attack, the US Forces' tank troops seized the initiative. And then the situation was changed when the Chinese Communist Forces (CCF) engaged. In that time, there were approximately 2,000 tanks of diverse model of 7 countries, the North Korean People Army (NKPA), US, United Kingdom, CCF, Canada, Philippine and ROK. Especially, the CCF operated approximately 400 tanks with 2 tank divisions. And it's interesting because we normally regarded that they had used so called 'human-wave tactics'. The ROK Armed Forces operated approximately 220 tanks with 3 tank battalions in1953. Making and addition, the ROK Armed Forces didn't have any tank in 1950. Butthe NKPA had more than 150 tanks with 1 tank Brigade and 1 tank regiment. They attached the tank troops to the infantry division in order to operate tank troops by the axis. The NKPA obtained great success by dispersing. But Basil Liddell Hart said "If the NKPA operated its tank troops in concentrating form like Heinz Guderian did in 1940. they could had dominated the Korean Peninsula before the ROK and US Forces secured the Line of Defense, Nakdong River. And then, as the US Forces begun the counter-attack operation, their tank troops could dominate the battlefield. They also operated tank troops in dispersing form. But it is worthy of notice that they came up with various operating model of the counter-attack, link-up operation, covering operation, withdrawal, reconnaissance in force, surprise attack which had been useful in the terrain of Korean Peninsula. Especially, the way of task organizing the infantry, tank and artillery units is the original form of the modern armed forces operation. In the Korean war, the tank took a role of a main actor. Some students of military artsay that in the terrain of Korean Peninsula, tank is not appropriate one. But it's not true. The analysis on the Korean War shows the tank conducted main role as to overcome terrain and swayed the direction of war finally. That's the reason why many countries started to develop and improve a new type tank after the Korean War. The NKPA and ROK tried to promote the tank troops also. It has a influence both physical and psychological power. From old time, the battlefield condition had been changing. Weshould prepare new operating conception forthe future operational environment. We should consider our battle reality like a limited battle space, high density of deployment, powerful obstacles. And we pursuit change and challenge. The Korean War is at reasure house of the military doctrine. There are new trends of the Korean War study because confidential material of the USSR and CCF has been opening to the public. But the study on the role of tank is still insufficient. I hope this study could be helpful to make clear the historical fact. The tank was the key factor to understand the Korean War.

A Historical Study on Space Security Regimes

임채홍 | 2011, (80) | pp.259~294 | number of Cited : 2

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2011, Vol., No.80