2015, Vol., No.46

The Japanese Language Association of Korea 2023 KCI Impact Factor : 1.0

pISSN : 1229-7275
https://journal.kci.go.kr/jlak

This paper is a study of the history of Japanese negative predicative noun sentences in Manyoshu, “Genji's story”, Gakuichi-version, “Heikei's story” and Amakusa-version “Heike's story”. It investigates cases involving the emphasis postpositions (or kakari joshi) wa and mo from the synchronic and diachronic points of view. The representative forms of negative predicative noun sentences in Manyoshu are ni＋Ø＋arazu and ni＋emphasis postposition＋ arazu. The representative forms of negative predicative noun sentences in “Genji's story” are narazu and ni＋emphasis postposition＋ arazu. The representative form of negative predicative noun sentences in Gakuichi-version Heikei's story are narazu and ni＋Ø＋arazu. The representative form of negative predicative noun sentences in Amakusa-version Heike's story is de＋emphasis postposition＋nai. The emphasis postpositions wa and mo were mostly used in positive expressions in Manyoshu. However, these postpositions appeared mainly in negative expressions from Genji’s story. The form of de＋emphasis postposition＋aru was used for positive expression. The de＋emphasis postposition＋nai construction was used for negative expressions in Amakusa-version Heike's story. After Gakuichi-version Heikei's story cases involving the emphasis postposition wa tended to increase whereas use of the emphasis postposition mo tended to decrease.

The aim of this study is to find out the learning status of Korean learners of the Japanese language in the use of ‘noda’ in polite conversation by comparing the use of the phrase with Japanese native speakers, thereby revealing problems the learners have. As a result, Japanese native speakers used ‘noda’ most frequently for ‘explanation’ (0.9 times in 1 minute) followed by ‘accounting’,‘introduction’, ‘incomplete utterance’, ‘awareness imposition’ (0.3 times in 1 minute) and ‘adversative expression’ (0.2 times in 1 minute). If ‘successful acquisition’ of ‘noda’ can be assumed as using it as frequently as Japanese native speakers do, it is considered that ‘introduction’ and ‘adversative expression’ are acquired at advanced level while ‘explanation’ is acquired at post-advanced level. In addition, both Japanese native speakers and Koreans learning Japanese have their own forms of conversation. For instance, Japanese native speakers used phrases such as ‘no(N)desu+ne’, ‘Nda’ or ‘no(N)desu+Ka’ to support mutual conversation or repeat the question, and as a result make the conversation more active. Meanwhile, Koreans who are learning Japanese used ‘no(N)desu+ne’ or ‘no(N)desu+Ke(re)do(mo)’ too much, disturbing the smoothness of the conversation by creating self-oriented conversation or making the intentions of conversation unclear. In sum, Koreans learning Japanese may be seen to have acquired the word ‘noda’ from the quantitative point of view but they use it in a very different way from Japanese native speakers in reality. This result indicates that ‘noda’ needs to be treated not only as a grammatical item but also as a ‘conversational’ item.

The purpose of this paper is to describe a mechanism of linguistic change through consideration of the adjectives aratashi and atarashi. At the beginning of the 10th century, aratashi in the sense of “新” experienced a change of form to atarashi. The results of this study were as follows: (1) atarashi developed from aratashi due to the method of expressing multiple meanings by a double-track structure in the Kokin Wakashū; and (2) since the 10th century, atarashi is used to convey the meaning of both of “新” and “惜”.