2020, Vol.44, No.5

Journal of Tourism Sciences 2023 KCI Impact Factor : 2.7

pISSN : 1226-0533 / eISSN : 2713-6388
https://journal.kci.go.kr/JTS

This study aims to identify the punctuational change patterns in tourism budget and find the determinants of the punctuational changes. A total of 1,824 tourism budgets from 2008 to 2019 were collected from 152 local governments in South Korea. This study adjusted 25% to annual average growth rate of each budget and divided into three types of change patterns, which were used as dependent variables. The independent variables were identified using punctuation equilibrium theory and included focusing events (financial crisis in 2008), mega-events (two regional events), and institutional frictions (elections). A multinomial panel regression analysis was used for data analysis. The results showed that the elections, financial crisis, and regional events were the major determinants of punctuational changes. At city level, elections and regional events had an impact on the negative punctuational changes. At county level, the parliamentary elections had an impact on negative punctuational changes. Financial crisis had an impacts on both positive and negative punctuations. The results indicate that the punctuational changes are mainly caused by a lack of group who advocates and protects budget on tourism project as the status of tourism is lower than other functions in local government. The punctuational changes are more likely to happen for the small city which has limited budget. This study suggests that the stable budget growth for tourism depends on the local economic empowerment.

Border tourists from China to North Korea have become significant economic engines for the development of North Korea’s economy, so that the North Korea’s new leader, Kim Jung-Un has been largely interested in the tourism cooperation with China. Thus, this study examined the border tourism between China and North Korea. Results showed that the border tourism in the region has been changing from in the form of cross-border tourism to trans-border tourism cooperation. In particular, it was found that over the years three countries in the Tumen river area(i.e., China, North Korea, Russia) have collaborated together to build a shared vision for the tourism development, the Tumen River Delta International Tourism Zone, which is composed of the three countries’ territories. We suggest that both public and private sectors in Korea should consider proactively participating in the international tourism cooperation in Tumen river. Also, the tourism cooperation project led by the local governments in the river area suggests that regional governments in the border between South and North Koreas should take the lead in developing the peaceful relations in the border. Due to the difficulty in collecting empirical evidence, this study took an exploratory approach including literature review and fieldwork to collect on-site information, and suggestions for future study based on empirical data analysis would contribute to improving the body of literature on border tourism in Northeast Asia.

This study explores the success factors of co-operatives in the tourism and leisure service sectors. We reviewed the literature on the success factors of domestic and overseas co-operatives, and focused on the essential characteristics of co-operatives, which is referred to as human associations. It was found that business models should be developed in the business sectors that can meet the needs of co-operative members while showing the benefits of collaboration. In organizational aspect, the dedication and competence of leaders, and the trust and cooperation among members, are particularly important. It was also found that active solidarity between co-operatives and external organizations is necessary to complement competitiveness of co-operatives. The surveys were administered three times. Results from 157 surveys show that 'trust and cooperation among members' and 'competence and dedication of leaders' were the most important success factors. The differences in the perception of success factors between the beginning stage and operational stage, co-operative members and non-members, chairmen of co-operatives and other employees were further analyzed. Policy implications and research recommendations are discussed.