2011, Vol., No.104

The International Situation in the First Half Year of the 12th Century, and the Establishment in Goryeo-Jin Relationship

Park Yun-Mi | 2011, (104) | pp.1~35 | number of Cited : 19

The first half year of the 12th century was the period that the East Asia fell into confusion due to the foundation of Jin(金), to the ruin of Liao(遼), and to a shift of Northern Song(北宋) into Sourthern Song(南宋). Owing to this, the importance of diplomacy was emerged in the international stage. Accordingly,this study examined the process that Goryeo in those days proceeds with establishing relationship with Jin, which is a new state, as part of considering on diplomacy of Goryeo amid the relationship with international situation. In the 4th year of Injong(仁宗) (AD 1126), Goryeo entered into diplomatic relations with Jin by swearing to serve Jin as retainers. Jin asked Goryeo for diplomatic relations from the latter half in the reign of Yejong(睿宗). Goryeo didn't show interest such as not replying, but gradually changed attitude as Jin grew into a powerful country of East Asia. In other words, it was changed into the agreement to amity based on the equal position from the opposition to amity, and into the position of recognizing the relationship between subordinates and superiors. On the other hand, as soon as Goryeo and Jin established diplomatic relations, both countries suffered diplomatic problem with having written oath (誓表). At that time, the written oath requested by Jin meant that a country should make a pledge of allegiance to Jin, staking the national destiny. The problem was caused by which Goryeo ultimately failed to cope immediately with the demand of Jin even if Jin has the aspect of having led to the problem by responding sensitively to the form of international document. And, this attitude of Goryeo can be found in a situation of having been pressed diplomatically from Song. In detail, there were troubles between Goryeo and Song because Goryeo rejected to ask Song with the dispatch troops(援兵) and the right to use road in Goryeo(假道). In other words, it can be said to have originated from the difference in position between Jin, which wants to be recognized as a power country, and Goryeo, which aims to maintain smooth relationship with both Jin and Song. After submitting the written oath, Goryeo continued peaceful relationship through stable diplomacy with Jin and came to be gradually alienated from Sourthern Song. In the meantime, the 20th year of Injong (1142) was installed by Jin. Jin confirmed superiority in the relationship with Song in the wake of Soheung Treaty(紹興和議) in 1141. The king Injong in Goryeo was installed with a method of commemorating this after delivering its dignity to the interior and exterior with eulogistic title of a emperor(尊號) for Huijong(熙宗). Accordingly, even the relationship between Goryeo and Jin came to approach the stabilized period as stable as international situation. In the first half year of the 12th century, Goryeo proceeded with establishing relationship with Jin in this way with flexible diplomatic policy while properly coping with the complicated international situation. As a result,in the period of having been established the international order by having Jin as the summit, even the relationship between Jin and Goryeo entered the stabilized period, thereby having arranged the foundation of coming to be continued the friendly relationship all the time after this.

Kwon Sang-il's Market Contact and Monetary Economy Life in the 18th Century: Based on His Diary “Cheongdae Ilgi”

Jung Su-Hwan | 2011, (104) | pp.37~81 | number of Cited : 12

Based on Kwon Sang-il(權相一)'s diary titled “Cheongdae Ilgi(淸臺日記)”,this study investigated the historical development of Joseon's domestic market in 18th century, Kwon's observations and approaches to market from the viewpoint of an intellectual person, and changes of personal monetary economy life under the influence of coin circulation in market. Kwon emphasized independent household management based on agricultural activities. In the same context with feedbacks from his contemporary fellow scholars including Yi Ik(李瀷), Kwon pointed up his contemporary extravagant social atmosphere owing to commercial development and took critical positions about it. Kwon positively rolled out his economic activities while he lived in Geunam-ri(近嵓里), Sangju-mok(尙州牧), Gyeongsang(京畿) province. This region was characterized by local market developed owing to land routes as well as water transport permitted around Nakdong(洛東) River. Kwon used a herd of local markets distributed within a radius of 10 kilometers such as Sanyang Market(山陽市, in vicinity of Geunam-ri), or collected information on market. Kwon originally took a negative position about commercial activities, but tried to steadily observe and monitor his contemporary trends of local markets around his neighborhood in reality. On the regular basis, he surveyed trends of merchants crowding in local markets depending upon some variables such as market release time(of cereals, fishes and more) and weather. In local markets, he recorded cereals pricing based consistently on 1 Nyang(兩, an old Korean monetary unit), but paid attentions to variations of cereals pricing depending on crop(good harvest or bad harvest). Kwon considered price variation factors such as pricing manipulation initiated by merchants or variation of coin circulation. Records about gifts given and taken in kind accounted for significant part of Kwon's diary. Kwon's acquaintances including central and local government officials gave him(as a local noble who served as a series of high-ranking government posts) gifts like folding paper fan(節扇) and letter paper(簡紙)among others. When Kwon became aged over 60, he began to receive more food presents like cereals and fishes from his acquaintances. But he felt that they were excessive and burdensome beyond simple return presents. Notably, he used coins as a means of present and congratulatory or condolence gift for his acquaintances at remote sites. This phenomenon was a forerunner of gradual turnover from spot goods to coin economy. Contrary to Joseon's economic activities largely based upon cereals and cotton cloth(木棉, textile) before the 17th century, Kwon's “Cheongdae Ilgi”contained historical facts about turnover of economic focus from spots to coin in the early 18th century. Kwon traded in herbal medicine, fishes, land property and horse and used coins as a means of payment for the trade. In his contemporary days, coin became a crucial foundation for interpersonal creditor and debtor relations as well as fund-raising of local bodies like private school and Donghoe(洞會, local community self-governing bodies). Kwon valued the independent economy based on agricultural activities, but didn't leave any more detailed records about his experiences in economic life under the influence of developing market and activated coin circulation. Nevertheless, his diary records confirm that his economic life is based on coin rather than spots, or he revealed sensitive responses to even market trends in vicinity of his neighborhood. These records demonstrate results from changing economic environment such as coin circulation and market activation throughout the 18th century.

The analysis of Chosun’s farm household economy in 1910s, the Japanese Colonial period

이송순 | 2011, (104) | pp.83~122 | number of Cited : 9

Forced "free divorce', the divorce issue and 'the old-fashioned woman' during the colonial period in Korea

Hyunsoog So | 2011, (104) | pp.123~164 | number of Cited : 18

By analyzing the divorce issue between the new intellectual male and 'the old fashioned woman' in the 1920s to 30s, this thesis aimed to reveal the change that appeared in family relations and its aspects during the colonial period and also the experiences of 'the old fashioned woman' who had to face these changes from a different position than 'the new woman'. Together with the trend in love marriages, the divorce issue between new intellectual males and 'the old fashioned woman' caused heated debate in the press concerning its validity, rising as a social issue. New intellectual males, who sought their rights in marriage and attempted to build a 'new family' with 'the new woman',could not avoid divorcing their uneducated 'old fashioned wives' whom they had to marry out of their parents' coercion. However, in a society where the economic independence of women was difficult and the ideological taboo on women remarrying persisted, these demands for 'a free divorce' from men was felt as 'a forced divorce' to the old-fashioned woman. The demand of the argument supporting marriage toward old-fashioned women to accept divorce and show the wake up of the self, or the message of the argument against divorce saying divorce can be avoided by becoming the new woman both leveled the responsibility for the loveless marital discord to the 'ignorant' wife. However, the old fashioned woman, who, as the victim, was the object of sympathy and enlightenment, did not simply remain as the victim. Although,at the time, the effort to defend the position of wife was denigrated as depending on the husband, it was an active struggle against husbands who easily cast away their wives without any security for their livelihood. On the other hand, the resistance of the old fashioned woman was not limited just to adhering to the position of the wife. Ironically, during the 1930s, a current newly emerged blaming the 'knowledge' of the new woman as the cause of family discord, reviving the 'ignorant' old-fashioned woman as the 'ideal wife'while praising her as the symbol for 'upright fidelity', and a behavior toward refusing the forceful divorce of the husband and independently and exclusively possessing divorce arose within the old-fashioned woman. In short, in Korea of the 1920s and 30s, where daily struggle toward the restructuring of conjugal relations became visible, going beyond theoretical remarks on the revision of the family and the construction of the new family, the old-fashioned woman did not simply remain as the victim of the building the new family.

The Choseon Uiyongdae(Choseon Volunteer Army) in Chinese press - mainly in the news of『Jiu Wang Ri Bao』and 『Jie Fang Ri Bao』

KIM JOO YONG | 2011, (104) | pp.165~197 | number of Cited : 7

The Korean independence movement in China was in a change in the 1930s. The Manchuria was invaded by Japan on september 18th in 1931 and next year Manchukuo was established. As a result, the Korean independence movement in Manchuria was in big trouble. By the year 1933, most Korean nationalists moved to inland area of China and their independence movement had reformed externally rapidly. At the same time, as Japan attacted Lugouqiao in the suburbs of Beijing on July 7th in 1937 and the Sino-Japanese War began, China proclaimed an all-out war against Japan. The Choseon Uiyongdae was organized in Wuhan on October in 1938reflecting international situation at the time. It was a historical result by the combination of the capacity of Korean independence movement and the support of China. Internal ability of the Uiyongdae and external factors, the support and interests of China, were main causes that the Uiyongdae could develop more systemetic and powerful anti-Japanese movements after moving its grand headquarters to Guilin. In the time of the government of Guomintang, many articles which covered Korea could be founded in newspapers in Beijing and other locals. Espacially, 『Jiu Wang Ri Bao』and 『Jie Fang Ri Bao』exactly and extensively reported the news on the Uiyongdae. The Uiyongdae received material and moral support from 『Jiu Wang Ri Bao』and intensified its anti-Japanese movement in an alliance with it. 『Jiu Wang Ri Bao』also reported detailed news on the Korean independent movement and The Uiyongdae to Chinese people. First, Guo mo ruo, the founder of 『Jiu Wang Ri Bao』, had a friendly attitude on activities of the Uiyongdae. As the Uiyongdae promoted and sold 『Jiu Wang Ri Bao』, they could have a symbiotic relation. 『Jiu Wang Ri Ba o』focused on activites for the people of the Uiyongdae and trid to report the situation of reality of colonial Choseun and the Korean independence movement. For example, a play 'A daugher of the Choseun' called great attention in China and made Chinese people reflect the fact that activities of the Uiyongdae were not only a Korean issue but a common issue to all anti-fascist countries. The fact that the Uiyongdae was active in North China became one of the important assets for the Chinese Communist Party to get its another legitimacy. So the Party had attention to activities of the Uiyongdae. Because the Uiyongdae was a unit of action of the Choseun Yongman Association, 『Jie Fang Ri Bao』kept reporting the news on the foundation of Choseun Yongman Association. The Xinhua News Agency reported that Choseun Yongman Association was expected to prove its worth in the anti-fascist movement with Chinses young people. The article on the sacrifices of Yun Seju and Jin Gwanghwa in the anti-Japanese war touched the Chinese people. 『Jie Fang Ri Bao』, on July 31th in 1942, printed the news that a group funeral of the members of the Uiyongdae including two young men would be carried out. It was the first article related to Yun Seju who was dead on June 2nd. The news in the Xinhua News Agency said that some special way to commemorate the great achievement of the members in the Uiyongdae who sacrified themselves in the anti-Japanese war would be prepared. This way, the Uiyongdae showed clearly the alliance of the two countries,Korea and China. Chinese people were impressed by sacrifices of its members and the substance of the anti-fascist alliance was revealed by an event for the Japanes captives. These was directly connected with the status of the Uiyongdae. Its activities were an strict alarm and response against the inhuman Japanese imperialism. And also, it showed the spirit of unity in Korea and China for the peace and freedom of human.

A Colonial Intellect's Approach to Confucianism and Modernism : the Case of Gidang(幾堂) Hyeon Sang-yoon(1893~1950)

염복규 | 2011, (104) | pp.199~229 | number of Cited : 4

The study on the restoretion program for flood in Won-ju and Won-seong by the relief and rehabilitation committee in 1970s

Kim So Nam | 2011, (104) | pp.231~292 | number of Cited : 7

This study focuses on analyzing the restoration programme for flood in Won-ju and Won-seong by the relief and rehabilitation committee in the late 1970s. The torrents of rain on August 14th, 1976, in Won-ju and Won-seong had caused much to the inhabitant farmers in both human lives and property. The relief and rehabilitation committee was conducted the countermeasures against natural calamities project, financed by Caritas and Misereor, for flood affected farmers as the food supply programme, medical support programme, food supply programme for children and day care centers, land restoration, restoration of irrigation facilities, flood rehabilitation, farming capital loans and support for cooperative activities. Most of the cooperatives which were then organized for the various long-term rehabilitation programmes and urgent flood relief programme have grown into credit unions, through the operation of which the poor farmers could learn a cooperative mentality to help each other in living. As they discussed and decided their common matters in their meetings, naturally they came to acquire the capacity necessary for dealing with things independently, democratically and reasonably in cooperation. To foster cooperative spirit and to train a new type of farmer-leaders, training courses were held and these became a great help for the management of their cooperative associations and for the development of the abilities of the farmers. For this programme, first of all a survey was made and then leaders in the villages were invited for a training courses. Moreover, new types of courses were necessary, in the villages local courses, staff training for the management of cooperative associations, training courses for women, and we learnt that such training is possible. Many courses which were held for human development in these program influenced the participants to create new relations among farmers such as human, social and economical. The community development program showed the possibility of the developing the village in the democratic development and the collaborative experience of the farmers, as well as the potential of the peasant movements. These experiences could be the pioneering assets in the peasant movements of the Korean Catholic Farmers' Movement and they were the great role in pioneering in the farmer educations of the Christian Academy's peasant movements in the 1970s.

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The Review of Korean History 2023 KCI Impact Factor : 1.02

2011, Vol., No.104