2020, Vol., No.138

A Tragic aspect of the Age of Divison- Birth of “Spies”

Kim Jeongin | 2020, (138) | pp.7~42 | number of Cited : 4

North Korea’s strategy against South Koreaand espionage in the 1950s-1970s

Soo-Ryong Jo | 2020, (138) | pp.43~80 | number of Cited : 3

Spy Discourse of Korea in 1960~70s

byoung joo hwang | 2020, (138) | pp.81~124 | number of Cited : 3

Since the establishment of the ROK in 1948, the South and the North have been under a hostile relationship that alternates between hot and cold wars amid the influence of the Cold War system in world history. A representative symbol of hostile system competition is a spy. However, the spy between the South and the North seems to be clear, but in fact, it is also ambiguous. The South and the North officially deny espionage. Therefore, spies are often unilateral claims by either side, and the spy discourse to make ambiguous spies a clear entity becomes important. Spy, in particular, served as a device to control South Koreans as a symbol of emphasizing North Korean threats. Under the Park Chung-hee regime’s strategy of public security in the 1960s and 1970s, espionage was a very important medium. The word “You’ll be a red if you talk too much,” which can be used to block critical discourse. In other words, while blocking critical discourse, the politics of discourse based on espionage was developed so that their words could have a truth effect. For example, he wanted to silence all criticism with a word of “spy-like sound.” The discourse on creating spies shows historical change. The image of an inhumane and cruel spy was created, and it needed to be watched carefully because they looks like ordinary people. In particular, the assertion that an extremely ordinary person could be a spy was also a device that could make all residents watch each other. As social differentiation progressed, the variety of spies increased. In other words, all classes existing in society have become potential spies. In particular, economic espionage also emerged as economic development began in earnest. Amid this trend, the reward system for residents who cooperated in reporting and arresting spies will also be newly reorganized, giving them huge amounts of money. In addition, as exchanges with the world expand, spies also expand to the world. Not only Korean-Japanese spies but also Korean students and residents in Europe used to become spies. Spies eventually become involved with the exclusion strategy of our society. The public security-ruling discourse on spies involves the socio-engineering view that a safe and sound society should be created, excluding disparate elements such as various non-nationals, anti-social beings and minorities. In short, we would like to look into how the ruling order of our society works through the discussion of spies.

Operation and Style of Change Era Name for the Era Name of Goguryeo

Lee, Seung-ho | 2020, (138) | pp.127~170 | number of Cited : 2

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The direction and conclusion of the study undertaken in this thesis are shown as follows. First, in order to find out the accurate time of the era name of Goguryeo as confirmed in a number of epigraph, the naming an era method of Goguryeo was reviewed first. As a result, it was confirmed that Goguryeo followed the method[踰年稱元法] that the naming an era was made in the year after the preceding king passed away. And, second, the periods of each era name of Goguryeo that was shown on the epigraph are finalized as follows: first year of Youn-su(延壽) = 451, 7th year of Youn-ga(延嘉) = 539, 7th year of Young-gang(永康) = 551, 4th year of Kyung▨(景▨) = 571, 5th year of Kun-heung(建興) = 596, and 3rd year of ▨hwa(▨和) = 606. As a result of reviewing the operation and change era name method for the era name of Goguryeo on the basis of the deployment trend of the aforementioned era name, following facts could be observed. First, the Era Name Young-lak of the reign of King Gwanggaeto was used throughout the entire period of its ruling without the change era name during the kings reign. However, from the rime of King Jangsu, as confirmed through the Era Name Youn-su, the change era name was attempted during the term of the king. Second, in the later period of Goguryeo, the new kings had the change era name in the third year of the reign after completing the 3-year mourning period of the preceding king, or if it follows the method [踰年稱元法] that the naming an era was made in the year after the preceding king passed away, the change era name was undertaken in the second year in the throne. Third, as in the case of the Era Name Young-su under the reign of King Yangwon, if the preceding king died under the emergency situation, such as a political upheaval, the change era name took place immediately following the method to take the throne right after the death of the preceding king [卽位年稱元法]. And, fourth, as in the Era Name during Kyung▨ under the reign of King Pyeongwon or the Era Name ▨hwa during the reign of King Yeongyang, the change era name following the enormous building campaign in the nation or change in the international political situation was undertaken.

Victory and Meanings of the Battle of Nangbi Fortress in 629 for Silla

Kim, Kang-hun | 2020, (138) | pp.171~212 | number of Cited : 4

The Relationship between Joseon and Ming Dynasty and Idea of “A Vassal Can Not Be Diplomatic” in the late Goryeo and early Joseon periods

Limhyeonjin | 2020, (138) | pp.213~254 | number of Cited : 3

The Expansion and Reorganization of City in the 1930s, Hamheung as A “Twin Cities”

SEO, ILSOO | 2020, (138) | pp.255~304 | number of Cited : 3

This article is on finding out the factors of urbanization of Hamheung (咸興) in the 1930s from the external influence of Heungnam (興南), especially Bongung (本宮) area. It is the connection between the two cities of Hamheung and Heungnam that centered around the space of Bongung area at that time. To examine the connection between the two cities, this article first covered the Seongcheon River water-dimension project and the maintenance of the transportation network in the direction of Heungnam, which are a spatial background. Waterproofing construction of Horyuncheon (瑚璉川) for 3 years from 1923 (left side of Horyuncheon), the protective work of flooded area near Hamheung (咸興附近浸水地帶防水工事) from 1925 to 1929 (right side of Hoyeoncheon near Hamheung, left side of Seongcheon River) and Seongcheon River (城川江) from 1931 to March 1935 as the waterproofing construction (downstream of the Seongcheon River) progressed, the section from Hamheung to the estuary along the left bank of the Seongcheon River was also able to escape the threat of flooding. In the case of the maintenance of the transportation network, It progressed that Bongung station came to be a official station on the Hamgyeong Line railroad between Hamheung and Seohojin, that Heungnam Station and Heungnam Main Station were established, and that Heungnam Line of Shinheung Railway Co., Ltd. opened in 1934. In addition, the reconstruction of Bongung and Heungnam sections of Hamheung-Seohojin 2nd level Road was carried out. The article also dealt with the emergence of Bongung factory zone in the mid-1930s and the process of Hamhung transformed to a part of “twin cities” afterwards. Various chemical plants, including condiments, caustic soda, and carbide, formed colonies on the site of Bongung, which was secured after the completion of the Seongcheon River waterproofing construction in March 1935. Despite the discussion to unite Hamheung-Bungung-Heungnam- Seohojin, in 1937, Hamheung’s exclusive urban planning was aimed at relocating Hamheung Station without the integration of administrative districts. Separately, however, Heungnam’s urban planning was also based on the connection between Hamheung and Heungnam, and Hamheung’s urban district was transformed into a form of connection along with the Joseon nitrogenous fertilize Plant (朝鮮窒素肥料工場) and the housing complex of Bongung.

Fiscal Status of North Korea Government after the Liberation and the Temporary Fiscal Policies

Yea Dae-Yeol | 2020, (138) | pp.305~350 | number of Cited : 5

After liberation of Korea in 1945, it was imperative for North Korea to maximize the state finance in order to solve the challenges faced in economic area. However, North Korea government had to implement economic reconstruction within the limitations of which were economic collapse brought by Japanese imperial economic policy as well as the absence of fiscal space. During early liberation period of 1945, each local People’s Committee had tried to solve a shortage of financial resource through lottery ticket, contribution, and imposing new taxes. But there were neither unified local policy, nor connections with national fiscal plan. Consequently, in December 1945, financial bureau of 10 administrative bureaus in North Korea sought to fund for state-building through organizing taxation system. The previous 58 tax-types, which included 32 national taxes, 13 provincial taxes, and 13 city and county taxes were simplified into 21 tax-types. Among previous national taxes, land tax and a business tax(a group of profit tax), a liquor tax and drink tax(a group of consumption tax), the individual income tax and a corporate income tax(a group of income tax), registration tax, inheritance tax, and gambling tax were remained. Among other taxes, the taxation for military purpose in the late Japanese imperialism was all abolished. The provincial tax such as surtax and special tax as one of local tax were remained. Ironically, most of national taxes and local taxes which targeted the haves for Japanese wartime financial demand were maintained. Meanwhile, North Korea issued military payment certificate(M.P.C.) to supply lacked currency. To North Korea government, issuing M.P.C. was financing solution designed in the condition of which new currency publication was difficult and there were many moneytary outflow to Japan during early liberation period of 1945. On the other hand, the Soviet Union regarded M.P.C. as a way to arrange finance for their military deployment as well as to avoid inflation in the Soviet Union.

“I claim the right to work”: The Discussion on Discrimination against Women’s Employment and Women’s Action in the first half of the 1980s

Jang, MiHyun | 2020, (138) | pp.351~392 | number of Cited : 4

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The 1980s was a time when various discourses on women’s employment were formed. In contrast to the discourse on the development of women’s occupations in the 1970s, it was criticized in the 1980s that the development of women’s occupations, which prevented women from entering various occupations and caused job discrimination that only allowed employment in certain occupations. Discourses on the abolition of employment discrimination, such as criticism of double burden theory used by companies as a basis for discrimination against employment and the re-evaluation of the value of housework evoked by double burden theory, have spread. In addition, through the 1980s, a movement was pursued that required legal action to improve employment discrimination and the introduction of laws and systems that prohibit employment discrimination altogether. Discourse and practice effectively contributed to the elimination of discrimination in employment. Discourses on abolition of employment discrimination in the 1980s had several characteristics. First, compared to the 1970s, it was established as a social recognition that discrimination against female employment should be abolished. Second, existing women’s movement groups and newly emerged progressive women’s groups cooperated at least in the practice of abolishing employment discrimination. Third, this discourse against female employment discrimination has spread through the practice of female individuals such as Kim Young-hee and Kyung-sook Lee, as well as women’s movement organizations. As a result of analyzing specific cases of employment discrimination practices both inside and outside the labor market and women’s practice to abolish them, the social recognition that employment discrimination practice under the name of rational discrimination was gender discrimination in workplace has been established. Discrimination in employment is also a historical component. After all, employment discrimination was also a historical component.

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2020, Vol., No.138