2021, Vol.108, No.

The Korea Spatial Planning Review 2023 KCI Impact Factor : 1.2

pISSN : 1229-8638
https://journal.kci.go.kr/krihs

In the last decades, many small- and medium-sized cities in the non-metropolitan areas in Korea have been experiencing dramatic population decline due to outflows of population. The on-going population outflows, especially working- age population outflows, will negatively affect productivity and economic growth of cities. However, even though many studies have reported push and pull factors of migration, there has been very little research reported on the characteristics of working-age population outflows from small- and medium-sized cities in the non-metropolitan areas, In this context, this paper aims to give an overview of the outflow of working age population and to examine the occupational characteristics of emigrants from small- and medium-sized cities in the non-metropolitan areas during 2010-2015. The results show that young and highly educated individuals are most likely to migrate from smalland medium-sized cities in the non-metropolitan areas to cities in the metropolitan areas. Moreover, occupations with high outflow rates are generally professions and technicians, while occupations with low outflow rates are skilled agricultural, forestry and fisheries workers, plant and machine operators and assemblers and elementary occupations. This trend is more likely to create intense job polarization within the non-metropolitan areas and between metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas.

This study analyzed the influence of major factors on KTX and SRT high-speed railway users, focusing on Gyeongbu high-speed line. First, the results of analyzing the long-term balance relationship through the VECM model showed that the common point is that when the seat supply, gross domestic product and household disposable income increase, the number of high-speed railway users increases, and when the weighted average oil price rises, the number of high-speed railway users decreases. However, the difference was that when seat supply and gross domestic product increased by 1%, the number of SRT users increased larger than that of KTX users. Second, the impact response function and the prediction error dispersion analysis result showed that KTX users were affected by about 35% of seat supply, gross domestic product and disposable income per household while SRT users were affected by about 12.1%, which is relatively low compared to KTX users. In the meantime, this study suggests that KTX needs various marketing strategies such as additional discounts and improvement of mileage accumulation methods to overcome the difference of fare rates which is 10% higher than SRT in order to secure fixed demand for high-speed railway users.

In Korea, the flood defense level has been typically determined by the classification of river grade. Each river interval should, in principle, have different level necessary to consider the flood risk behind the river, which however is not currently applied in planning the river due to the lack of scientific methods. Therefore, to develop a reasonable method for zoning the flood defense levels of river intervals, the methodology of the QRA (Quantitative Risk Assessment) originated from the reliability engineering was introduced to a river interval with highly urbanized area. First, the authors presented the FN curve showing the numbers of fatalities at various flood frequency conditions. Then, they evaluated the adequacy of flood risk comparing with the societal risk tolerance criteria for the river basin. Finally, they adjusted the flood defense level according to the distributions of population, land use, and buildings in riparian and checked whether it satisfied the risk criteria or not.