2016, Vol., No.54

Differences between “Decree” and “Law” during Qin and Han Dynasties Found in Unearthed Literature

Im, Joong-hyuk | 2016, (54) | pp.1~33 | number of Cited : 4

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One of the important issues about laws and decrees during Qin and Han dynasties is whether “law” and “decree” were mixed. There are two types of interpretation for this issue: 1) According to Cheng Shude, the law and the decree were not strictly distinguished in Han dynasty. Names of laws and decrees were mixed. Sometimes, the decree was called law as well. 2) According to Kaoru Nakata, “decree turned into law” from the perspective of “conversion between law and decree”. The Decree of Gold and Cloth had been replaced by the Law of Gold and Cloth since a certain time. The author believes that the key to this problem is to analyze such terms as “incompliant to decree” and “incompliant to law” in the laws and decrees. “Incompliant to decree” means “when disobeying the existing legal provisions (“decree or law”), the person will be penalized”. In terms of the existing provisions, the referents of “incompliant to decree” and “the decree is not applicable” here can be considered as the proviso for judging whether the provision is a decree or a law. Cheng Shude held that decrees were mixed with laws at that time. However, it’s not because decrees were mixed with laws that the Decree of Gold and Cloth could be mixed with the Law of Gold and Cloth. Instead, it was a phenomenon occurring during the sorting of terms in the period of the bamboo slips of Qin dynasty collected by Yuelu Academy of Classical Learning. It was wrongly interpreted as mixed use of names of decrees and laws by scholars of later ages. Comparing “incompliant to law” and “incompliant to decree” from the Laws and Decrees of the Second Year with those from the laws of Qin dynasty, the sorting in the former is much clearer. In the 27 laws of the Laws and Decrees of the Second Year, “incompliant to decree” was only used once, and all the others were changed to “the law is not applicable” or “incompliant to law”. It can be seen that the principle of using the term “law” in laws and the term “decree” in decrees had been established at that time. Why? Because in the period of preparing the Laws and Decrees of the Second Year, the concepts of “law” and “decree” had been defined, so when “decree” was changed into “law”, it would be considered as contradictory to use “the decree is not applicable” under a law. It resulted from the sorting of concepts by the officials in charge of laws and decrees. Therefore, the author does not agree with the idea that “laws” and “decrees” were mixed in the period of Laws and Decrees of the Second Year. “Incompliant to decree”, “the decree is not applicable” and so on were still used in imperial edicts. Afterwards, when “decree” was changed into “law”, “incompliant to decree” turned to “incompliant to law” as well. As “incompliant to decree” was not distinguished from “incompliant to law” in the past, there were scholars deeming that there was no difference between “decree” and “law”. The concepts of “law” and “decree” were established during the period of bamboo slips of Qin dynasty unearthed at Shuihudi. “Incompliant to decree” was not completely transferred to “incompliant to law” in early laws of Qin dynasty. From the bamboo slips of Qin dynasty collected by Yuelu Academy, “incompliant to law” was used more frequently. During the period of Laws and Decrees of the Second Year, based on existing concepts of law and decree, the preparation for laws and decrees was adjusted and unified, which has historical significance. Why wasn’t “incompliant to decree” replaced by “incompliant to law” before the period of Laws and Decrees of the Second Year? It’s because during the period of bamboo slips of Qin dynasty unearthed at Shuihudi and the period of bamboo slips of Qin dynasty collected by Yuelu Academy, the laws kept by the Central Censor Office had not been modified yet.

Zhu Xi’s Critique on Lu Xiang-shan’s Theory of Self-Cultivation

Lee Seung-Hwan | 2016, (54) | pp.35~54 | number of Cited : 0

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The Analysis on Korean Linguistic Textbooks in Chinese Universities

武庆楠 , 齐颖 | 2016, (54) | pp.55~82 | number of Cited : 0

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Totally New Approach to The Zong-Shu of The Literary Mind and Carving of Dragons (≪文心雕龍ㆍ總術≫)

Kwansu Kim | 2016, (54) | pp.83~111 | number of Cited : 3

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Sinocentrism and Hua-Dong Gangmok (≪華東綱目≫)’s Publication in Late Joseon Period

Choe, Yong-Chul | 2016, (54) | pp.113~143 | number of Cited : 2

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The Eyes of Darkness Staring at Civilization

Ko Jum Bok | 2016, (54) | pp.145~166 | number of Cited : 0

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Mentality behind His Choice: With Focus on the Pieces Published on Gujin

김다정 | 2016, (54) | pp.167~192 | number of Cited : 0

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Dual Structure of Everyday Life in Liu Zhenyun(劉震雲)’s Novel Cellphone (≪手機≫) with Focus on ‘Language’

Son Ju Yeon | 2016, (54) | pp.193~214 | number of Cited : 1

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The Two Signpainter’s Journey to Korea: Korean Translation and Echoes of The two signpainters (≪兩個油漆匠≫) by Huang, Chʻun-ming

Dong Chion Zang | 2016, (54) | pp.215~234 | number of Cited : 0

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An Investigation of Students’ Educational Satisfaction and Its Relation to Student Variables in Chinese Class as a General Education in University

Yoon Soonil | 2016, (54) | pp.235~257 | number of Cited : 2

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A Study on Development of Class Model Based on Flipped Learning: Focusing on the “Understanding of Chinese Novels”, a Theory-based Course Provided by the Major of Chinese Literature

Sujin Kim | 2016, (54) | pp.259~280 | number of Cited : 3

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I have so far examined the application of flipped learning-based lectures and the students' evaluation of them in “Understanding of Chinese Novels,” a theory-based course provided by the Major of Chinese Literature. It is only natural that a new lesson approach should go through a process of trial and error. It will be a good idea to make a full-blown attempt at the flipped learning approach throughout lectures so that the students will not become subjects in an experiment, but trials and errors can be reduced by making a partial attempt at the new lesson approach, reviewing the responses of students fully, and increasing its expansion and attempt gradually. There should be constant efforts to explore a variety of flipped learning models including the sharing of utilization cases and develop an in-house flipped learning model applicable to the lessons. Flipped learning is effective for theory-based lectures. It is also useful forforeign language lectures as its key points are repetitive learning and self-directed learning. Its utilization rate is high in foreign language study including conversation lessons in Chinese. In practice lectures for foreign language study, the students should fully digest what has been taught in a pre-class before taking confidence in face-to-face in-class and being active to participate in the class, which means that all the concerned matters should be considered including proper time allocation to more flexible pre- and in-class. If flipped learning lectures go right and smoothly, the students will improve their understanding of what has been taught. Furthermore, a shift will be possible to creativity enhancement-centric lectures. In addition, they will lead to the diversification of creative task content as part of results, the active participation of students, and the natural enhancement of their creativity. Students will lead lessons, growing out of their old passive position and taking the roles of “stuchers.” On the surface, the position of teachers seems to be moved from the center to the margin, but those changes will result in close communication between professors and students through ongoing interactions and the increased learning effects of students through instant feedback.

Chinese Stock Market and Value Relevance of Accounting Data

JEONGTAEBEOM | 2016, (54) | pp.281~304 | number of Cited : 4

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Study on the Development in Change and the Comparison of Competitiveness of the Changjiang Liangjiang New Area in China

Park Soong-Chan | 2016, (54) | pp.305~335 | number of Cited : 0

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This study is for understanding of the development in change of the economic zone to achieve a economic development and a regional development through adoption of foreign capital, technology and management method after reformation and liberation of China, and the characteristic of the national new area and the prospect of the future development which is progressed in the national level. Particularly, it has a purpose to understand the developmental change of the Chongqing Liangjiang new area, and analysis of its competitiveness compare to the Chengdu Tianfu new area. Based on generalization of the characteristics of the economic reformation experimental zone, it has a certain planned territorial area and is benefited by the preferential favor to enterprises, operated by the basic plan and policy and an economic zone in where international economic accomplishments are being made by enterprises. Such experimental zones develop the industrial group to be suitable to the local characteristic, enthusiastically attract the foreign capital, and has a direct relation to precise realization of the export market expansion, As a result, the regional development zone continuously expand in quantity and type as the regional expansion with the role of leading function in the system change and becoming a core part of the regional economic growth after the economic special zone of China has become the leader of the economic liberation in China The purpose of this study is analysis of the precious concept of the economic special zone and the national new area both of which are confusing even in written as the first. Secondly, the effect of the national new area to the Chinese economy is being analyzed indirectly through the case of Chongqing Liangjiang new area. Third, the issues on the investment of Korean companies to these areas by comparing the competitiveness of Chongqing Liangjiang new area and Chengdu Tianfu new area.

A Translation and Annotation of Libai(李白)’s Answering to Reproach of Meng Shaofu on behalf of Shou Mountain(＜代壽山答孟少府移文書＞)

Deuk-Chang Cho , cho sung chun | 2016, (54) | pp.337~360 | number of Cited : 0

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A Translation and Annotation of Baktongsa(≪朴通事≫) (Ⅹ)

이육화 | 2016, (54) | pp.361~393 | number of Cited : 3

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Nogeoldae(老乞大), written in nearly 20,000 words, is of two volumes which is based on the clue that Goryeo(高麗) business people coming to China for business and in the form of conversations, it describes what was happening on the way: accommodation, trade, as well as some parts about dinner party plus drinking, disease cure. Baktongsa(朴通事) was written in nearly 30000 words, one-third more than Nogeoldae(老乞大) with 3 volumes. The book, in the form of dialogues or one person narration, introduces every aspect of Chinese society, including dinner party, trade, agriculture, crafts, sue, religion. entertainment, sceneries, etc. The two books are of high value historical documents, just as the well-known professor Yang Lian Cheng(楊聯升) said, “in the point view of history, there are plenty of recordings about the customs and conventions for Yuan(元) and Qing Dynasty(淸代) and also in the perspective of language study, the books are valuable historic materials about the spoken words at the end of Yuan Dynasty(元代) as well as and the beginning of Ming Dynasty(明代). From Yuan and Qing Dynasty(淸代), the series of the books of Nogeoldae(老乞大) and Baktongsa(朴通事) are precious documents for studying the changing of Chinese words in Yuan(元) and Qing Dynasty(淸代). Baktongsa(朴通事) and Nogeoldae(老乞大) are both conversational text books in learning Chinese for both Goryeo(高麗) and Joseon Dynasty(朝鮮) people. With regard to the time when the author lived, there might not be confirmation, according to the words and other documents, it is approximately estimated that the admitting and compiling of the books date back to Yuan Dynasty(元代). the initial publication was during the year of 1346, in 1998, the so called original edition Nogeoldae(老乞大) was found in Korea and the Korean schoolers called it the Original Nogeoldae(原本老乞大). The present ones are chiefly of 3 kinds: Beonyeok Baktongsa(飜譯朴通事) volume 1, in 1756; Baktongsa eonhae(朴通事諺解) volume 1,2,3,in 1677 ; Baktongsa sinseok(朴通事新釋)(in 1765), among which Beonyeok Baktongsa(飜譯朴通事) is the edition of Baktongsa(朴通事) but it is a pity that the book is not complete(there being only volume 1, not volume 2 and 3). However, Beonyeok Baktongsa(飜譯朴通事) is the modification done by PARK SE HAW(朴世華) and the other 12 people. The Chinese parts of Beonyeok Baktongsa(飜譯朴通事) and Baktongsaeonhae(朴通事諺解) are nearly the same except that the fewer parts are different. Baktongsaeonhae(朴通事諺解) is a valuable, detailed explained material and is of great significance for studying Chinese language and as well as its culture and also to the well understanding of the original work. In recent years, scholars from Korea, Japan and other countries have regarded A Translation and Annotation Baktongsa(朴通事新註新譯) as a subject on the basis of former works, hoping that there will be more addition and further development to it. In addition, it is a moderate motivation to the research on and Nogeoldae(老乞大).

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2016, Vol., No.54