2015, Vol., No.119

Development and Features of Researches on the Ethnic Groups in Ancient Korea

Kim, Chang-Seok | 2015, (119) | pp.5~33 | number of Cited : 8

Study on the Origins and Characteristics of Official Ranks in the early period of Goguryeo

Jo Yeong kwang | 2015, (119) | pp.35~67 | number of Cited : 20

The Sacrificial Rite of heaven and land(天地祭祀) of Baekje in Hanseong

KIM KYOUNG HWA | 2015, (119) | pp.69~112 | number of Cited : 6

Sea Trade Routes of the Baekje to East Asia and Ports of Call

Moon An-Sik | 2015, (119) | pp.113~158 | number of Cited : 39

For the Baekje, contact with East Asian countries was available only along sea routes due to its location in the mid-southern part of the Korean peninsula. It had trade back and forth with Liaodong, China using the north coastal routes in Western Sea under the reign of King Goee(古尒王). Chinese negotiation for the Baekje was achieved under the reign of King Geunchogo. Officials were appointed from Nakrang and Daebang as missions and crossed the mid-west sea from Jangsangot, Hwanghaedo with their help. The Baekje gradually used many sea routes heading for Shandong Peninsula from several areas on its west coast. It was not until under the reign of King Geunchogo that the Baekje started negotiation with Japan through arbitration of Taksoonguk of Gaya. For sea routes to Japan, it used North South routes heading for Bakdaman Bay of Kyushu via Tsushima from Jinaedong, Kimhae in the mouth of the Nakdong River or Dadaepo, Busan. Baekje had direct contact to Japan with Gaya excluded. It used sea routes to Japan via Tsushima from Geojedo after passing through the southwestern area of the Korean peninsula. In the 5th century, it had exchanges with the Yamato government and came and went to Nara after arriving at Naniwatsu of Osaka via the coastal area of the Seto Inland Sea. The Baekje had exchanges with Nanchao through sea routes crossing the western sea via Deokjeokdo and Yeonpyongdo from Dangjinpo and Pyeongsinjin of the Taean peninsula avoiding inspection by the navy of Goguryeo after the movement of its capital to Woongjin. It also used the Sadan sea route of the western sea heading for Zhèjiāng Shěng via Jusan Gundo via islands in coastal areas of the southwestern sea and Heuksando. Its missions had exchanges with southeastern Asian countries while coming and going to Nanchao. Also, the Baekje dominated sea routes leading to Japan via the western and the southern sea. It controled the sea routes heading for Gaya and Japan by establishing and opening Gun and Hyon in its coastal areas and islands. The Baekje perfected the management of its coastal routes including Daesajin, Hadong, Dadaepo, Geoje, Gangjin Bay and Haechang Bay of Goheung as ports of call. Sea routes of the western and southern sea connecting to Japan were under the control of Baekje until its collapse.

Compensation Scheme for Patriots and War Veterans in the 10th～11th century Koryo Dynasty

Lee, Mi-ji | 2015, (119) | pp.160~199 | number of Cited : 13

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This paper tried to look into the basic factors of the compensation scheme for patriots and war veterans in the earlier half of the Koryo dynasty through the individual examples of honoring and rewarding. The dynasty did not need yet to set up a system on compensation for war veterans in the very early stage of its establishment; so that rewards were given as occasion arises. It was not until the earlier half of the 11th century when the Koryo dynasty had gone through wars with the Khitan Liao dynasty that the primary rewarding system had been prepared. The Ministry of Military Affairs (兵部), in the early stage of the system, conducted the primary process of reward. Then, at some point, the function was somehow transferred to the Military Commissioners of the Border Region (兩界兵馬使). The Military Commissioners took primary charge in recommending the candidates for reward; they screened the candidates based upon their merits and also reviewed the positive candidates’ achievements. After the Chief Military Commission (都兵馬使) supervised the Military Commissioners reports the reward was finalized by the king’s permission. It is not easy to say how long it would have taken until the rewarding ceremony took place after the king’s final decision. The fastest case took only eighteen days from screening to ceremony; however, in some cases, it took more than two or three years to acknowledge and reward the soldiers’ merits. The rewarding ceremony generally took place in the royal court. It must have been a very special honor for the object of reward since he was granted an audience with the king; also, I think the ceremony being held in the presence of the king contributed in reinforcing the loyalty of the object of reward. Additional prize for the military merits falls into two categories: an in-kind - such as grain, land, fabric, silver (rarely gold) goods - payment, and an appointment to an official title. This paper assumes that the fundamental compensation system for patriots and war veterans of the Koryo dynasty, as investigated as above, was organized no later than the king Munjong’s reign in the 11th century.

Diplomatic Policy of Goryeo with Jin and Dongmoonwon(同文院)

Lee, Joung-hoon | 2015, (119) | pp.201~240 | number of Cited : 7

The purpose of this study is to examine the true nature of Dongmoonwon, which was the sole organization that was charged with the responsibility of Goryeo’s foreign policy toward Jin(金) Dynasty, with a view to understand how Goryeo navigated itself through the diplomatic theater with Jin. In the 4th year(1126) in the Reign of King Injong(仁宗), Goryeo finally decides to take the course of allegiance to Jin interms of its foreign policy, upon which Goryeo sent its messengers to established an official diplomatic relationship. As Goryeo voluntarily subordinated itself under Jin, it could be expected that, as far as Goryeo did not revolt or resist Jin, there would not be any problem between the two countries. However, in September of the 4th Year in King Injong’s Reign, Jin raised the issue of Goryeo’s control of aterritory called Boju(保州) and demanded that Goryeo submit a letter of allegiance to Jin to declare its loyalty. As Goryeo hesitated to comply with the demand, Jin kept coming up with the Boju issue, throwing its weight on Goryeo and urging it to submit the letter of allegiance. Until the 7th Year(1129) of King Injong’s Reign, when Goryeo finally obeyed, there was an ongoing nerve of wa rbetween Goryeo and Jin. The root of such a disagreement on the letter of allegiance can be found in the difference in how they looked at the allegiance. Jin demanded Goryeo to submit itself to an even more intense level of self-subordination. However, Goryeo was only willing to subordinate itself in the same extent it did to Liao(遼) or Song(宋). Therefore, Jin’s demand for such a letter was something more than Goryeo was willing to comply with. However, the fact that Goryeo submitted the letter means Goryeo now decided to accept the level of allegiance Jin demanded. This, again, means that Goryeo now has to pay more attention and elaboration in diplomacy with Jin than it did with Liao or Song. Also, this means that Goryeo now has to navigate itself through the diplomacy with Jin not in the way it did before. For this, Goryeo followed the precedence of Song, which established a separate bureau which was entirely responsible for correspondences with a certain country around the 7th year in King Injong’s Reign. The name of this bureau was Dongmoonwon, which was responsible for drafting diplomatic documents, attending the messengers from Jin, and other diplomatic affairs with that particular country. With such a move, Goryeo tried to address the pressure it was getting from Jin and maintain a stable diplomatic relationship. The fact that Goryeo never established any other bureau of such kind than Dongmoonwon clearly indicates the nature of the diplomatic relationship between Goryeo and Jin, as well as how seriously Goryeo took its relationship Jin and tried to respond pro-actively.

The Current Status of Studies of Medieval East Asian Mokgan(Wooden Tablets) and Comparison of their Shapes

Han, Jeong Hun | 2015, (119) | pp.241~279 | number of Cited : 10

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This study was prepared to look into the morphological characteristics of Goryeo Dynasty Hachal Mokgan(Baggage tag wooden tablet), recently taken out of four sunken ships. The shapes of the Goryeo Dynasty Hachal Mokgan were classified according to their own standards, like medieval Japanese wooden tablets or Sinan-ship Mokgan, and based on the contents, a comparison of the shapes was attempted. For this purpose, they were simply classified based on the shapes of the upper section and lower section directly linked to the connection method of wooden tablets. Accordingly, as a result of the comparison of the shapes of the Sinan-ship Hachal Mokgan and the Goryeo Dynasty Hachal Mokgan, it was found that wooden tablets in the shape of a groove, which are easy to connect to baggage, were the typical Medieval East Asian Hachal Mokgan. However, wooden tablets in the shape of a hole, which are easy to carry, so they were widely used in medieval Japan were identified in about 12% of Sinan-ship Mokgan, while only one piece was identified in the Goryeo Dynasty Mokgan. This can be understood as a difference in the shape according to the purpose and connecting method of the wooden tablet. Also, as compared to Goryeo Dynasty Hachal Mokgan, Sinan-ship Mokgan actively utilized the hole on the upper section and the pointed shape of and lower section to connect to baggage. Probably, it is very likely that this was a measure to connect Hachal more firmly to Sinan-ship, since it went long voyages with various expensive goods through international trade. In addition, an opinion was suggested as follows: It would be a lot clearer and more effective that classifying Goryeo Dynasty Hachal Mokgan into tag type, attachment type and bookmark type according to the method of connecting baggage, rather than classifying simply according to shape. Packing material, transport material or the shape of the baggage tag was determined according to the kind of baggage. As a result of an analysis of the contents of the writing in ink on the Goryeo Dynasty Hachal Mokgan, the packing material in the shape of a sack of rice was connected to three types of Hachal Mokgan, while the packing container in the shape of pottery was used only for the ‘tag type’ Hachal Mokgan with a certain connecting part like a groove or hole was utilized.

The analysis of Joseon’s farm household economy in 1920s～early 1930s, the Japanese Colonial period

Songsoon Lee | 2015, (119) | pp.281~328 | number of Cited : 23

A Study on Promotion of Technical and Vocational Education in the Syngman Rhee’s Regime

Kim Ho Jun | 2015, (119) | pp.329~372 | number of Cited : 5

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the importance of the technique of operation to educate the ‘nation’, which was emphasized during the policy making process in education, based on the vocational education policy in the Syngman Rhee’s regime. This was a national attempt to improve effect of the public education and to form modernized human resources against ‘decline in education quality’ phenomenon caused by humanities․admission centered curriculum and rapid educational expansion after formation of public education system in the 1950s. South Korea’s vocational education began with the capitalistic economic development, and more broadly, with modernization process. This cognition continued even after the Korea’s independence which led the new education system to focus on developing workforce and training each Korean to become a capable worker. Meanwhile, Syngman Rhee’s government launched to establish an economic development plan to accomplish economic independence in the mid-1950s. In order to promote the plan successfully, the improvement of production levels and skill sets of the workers had to be accomplished. Therefore, The Ministry of Education started the ‘5-year Vocational Technology Education Plan’ in 1957, which contained ‘qualitative improvement of education’ for every school, and trained technical professionals needed in various industries. The ‘5-year Vocational Technology Education Plan’ was a measure for the vocational education promotion targeting the secondary education that focused on securing research and development facilities, and retraining teachers. The Syngman Rhee government’s ‘5-year Vocational Technology Education Plan’ was the practice of the industrial development plan through promotion of vocational education, which had been discussed since late Choseon Dynasty. The plan was to educate people modern industrial technologies for national industry promotion, and to rectify humanities․admission centered educational convention. Moreover, it intended to foster helpful modern agents to increase production and to break down hierarchical view of feudal 士農工商, which was particularly represented by ‘humanities centered․disdaining technology’. This was an attempt to increase trained manpower. It soon continued by the president Chung-hee Park’s government ‘Human Resource Development’ policy which started in earnest with economic development plans in the 1960s.

Book Review: Bai-Genxing, A study of Goguryeo and Baekje people’s Immigration to Tang(唐) region

Deukyoung Kwon | 2015, (119) | pp.375~383 | number of Cited : 3

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2015, Vol., No.119