2019, Vol., No.23

Journal of the Scandinavian Society of Korea 2023 KCI Impact Factor : 0.21

pISSN : 1229-8646
https://journal.kci.go.kr/jssk

The troll is a kind of monster in Nordic mythology. However, the character Troll does not stay in the narrative of myth, but is constantly changed and transformed from the present to the present, and also appears as a friendly figure in the picture book for children. By analyzing how the nature of the trolls in the Nordic picture book has changed, we can understand the culture phenomenon of children newly. The nature of trolls has been changed into three forms according to the changes in the relationship between people, nature and society. First, trolls in mythology appear in various forms as threatening and destructive supernatural beings, and they symbolize the harsh nature of nature. Humans who have been weak in front of nature have created a troll as a fearful being roaming in the dark. Secondly, the troll in the fairy tale is a human-oriented person who wants to resemble and admire human beings. Overcoming some of the natural dangers due to the development of civilization and science, trolls are shaped as being able to defeat and reflect the fear that the object is not in the outside but in the human world. Third, since the 20th century, in the modern picture book, trolls are identified with individual humans, especially children, and are represented as symbols representing the heterogeneous nature of human beings rather than individuals separate from humans. Thus, it can be seen that the trolls have not remained one fixed character from the classical period to the present, but are constantly evolving by the intertextuality.

Sweden was no exception to the trend of de-centralization of collective bargaining in the context of neo-liberal globalization and unionization rate decline. This study examines how the Swedish union movement responds to the decline in the unionization rate and the decentralization of collective bargaining, and try to explain how union movement’s response strategies could check capitalists’ attempts to centralize collective bargaining and restore the Swedish industrial relations model. To this end, this study analyzes in depth the process and outcomes of collective bargaining over the 2017 Industrial Agreement. The findings of this study can be summarized as followings. First, the Swedish collective bargaining system can be divided into three periods for comparison: the centralized three-level bargaining system, the decentralized two-level bargaining system with decentralization, and the coordinated two-level bargaining system with the FI industrial agreement. Second, coping with various challenges such as the weakening of the union organizational power and the decentralization of the collective bargaining system in the trend of neoliberal globalization, Swedish labor union movement has practiced the strategy to strengthen its bargaining power by organizing a new common bargaining body across borders among union confederations. Third, the FI industrial agreement strategy plays the role of a substitute for the LO-SAF central bargaining through LO’s role of coordinating industry-level collective bargainings and the pattern-setter role of the industrial agreement. Fourth, the low-wage initiative introduced in the 2017 industrial agreement could put into practice the solidarity wage policy without the presence of solidarity wage system.

This study focuses on the voices of four female writers in the age of Swedish Literary Modernism. The authors included are Victoria Benedictsson (1850-1888), Edith Södergran (1892-1923), Rut Hillarp (1914-2003), and Stina Aronsson (1892-1956). The aim of this investigation is to examine how the female voice is expressed in the literary works produced by these female writers. The literary critic Eva Adolfsson argues that female writers, who did not naturally feel comfortable with the kind of texts they produced, experienced the writing process as a kind of struggle. This struggle had a dual quality: both as an outward struggle to claim a place in the public discourse, and an inward struggle to motivate themselves to keep on writing. According to Adolfsson, this dual struggle leaves an imprint on the authors’ literary works. This study shows how the female voices of the different literary works are linked to the female writers’ search for their own authentic identity, and in opposition to prevailing patriarchal norms. In this manner, they can forge a way towards a unique narrative form of expression of their creative powers.