2009, Vol.43, No.2

Anwendungsbereiche des enteignungsgleichen und enteignenden Eingriffs

Kim Jung Kwon | 2009, 43(2) | pp.1~30 | number of Cited : 9

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Eine Studie über die Planungschädenentschädigung

Kim,Hee-Gon | 2009, 43(2) | pp.31~70 | number of Cited : 7

JEONG, HA MYOUNG | 2009, 43(2) | pp.71~94 | number of Cited : 9

The U.S Supreme Court delivered Exxon Shipping Co. v. Grant Baker, which involves a challenge to the large punitive damages awarded in litigation over the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 2008. The U.S Supreme Court used the case to push for further limits on punitive damages, but the Court's decision is limited to the maritime context. The Court denied review on the due process issues relating to the excessive punitive damages. The litigation originates in a colossal environmental tragedy that happened nearly 20 years ago. On March 24, 1989, the oil tanker Exxon Valdez ran aground on Bligh Reef in Alaska's Prince William Sound and an the tanker's cargo spilled an estimated 11 million gallon of crude oil into the area. The environmental devastation was enormous and wildlife-rich Prince William Sound area was disrupted. Commercial fisheries throughout this area were totally closed for the 1989 season. Exxon undertook a massive cleanup effort and spent more than $2 billion to remove the oil from the waters and beaches of the environmentally devastated areas. Exxon also created a voluntary claims program and paid out $303 million to fishers in those areas whose livelihood was disrupted by the spill. The federal government and Alaska government sued Exxon for environment damage and the company agreed to pay $900 million over a period of 10 years to both governments. Exxon was fined $25 million and ordered to pay restitution of $100 million according to criminal prosecutions. Thousands of civil suits against Exxon followed, filed by individuals who were injured by the oil spill. The civil suits were consolidated and tried together. There was no dispute over Exxon's liability. There was dispute over the extent of the plaintiffs' economic losses and the amount of the damages award. The jury found in favor of the plaintiffs and awarded compensatory damages of $287 million and punitive damages of $5 billion against Exxon. The company appealed and the Ninth Circuit ruled that the $5 billion punitive damages was excessive in light of the Supreme Court's decision in BMW of North America v. Gore(517 U.S. 559 (1996)) and remand the case. In the meantime, the Supreme Court decided State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Campbell(538 U.S. 408 (2003)) and Exxon again appealed. After the Ninth Circuit reduced the punitive damages to $2.5 billion, Exxon sought certiorari to the Court. In 2007, the Supreme Court decided Philip Morris U.S.A. v. Mayola Williams(127 S.Ct 1057) and reduced the punitive damages award on the ground of the 14th amendment's procedural due process. In this paper, the development of punitive damages is touched and the U.S. Supreme Court's case law regarding to its limits is analyzed.

Japanese Legislations and Suggestion to Protect Water Quality of Lakes and Marshes - Legal Studies in a Comparative Prospective in Korea -

Jeong-Hun Park | 2009, 43(2) | pp.95~124 | number of Cited : 0

In Korea, the government has established a policy agenda to encourage high growth. The industry economy has significantly been progressed and almost every people has lived in a metropolitan lifestyle. However, with said change in an economic society, an emanation of environmental pollutants has increased and then lakes and rivers which stinks has emerged nationwide. On the other hand, Korean government had also focused on rapid growth as a fundamental policy. Since 1990's, the government fortunately has regarded politic motto as 'sustainable development' which development and environment can be coexisted. Moreover, in legislative prospective, the government has improved and consolidated laws concerning environment from the enactment of fundamental law of environmental policy in 1990. As a result, the government has significantly improved water quality of a public body of water overall, focusing on a large river. On the other hand, the 'lakes-and-marshes' is trapped water by nature and construction of a dam or bank in a river such as a dammed pool. The water pollution of 'lakes-and-marshes' has been deeply deteriorated since it is a constructively closed or almost closed body of water. The water quality of lakes and marshes become worse and then it cannot be used as an agricultural water. Under said critical mind, this paper introduces and reviews the Japan model in the way to approach it with comparative prospective of legislation and policy and it is on the research purpose of the improvement or preservation of the water quality of lakes and marshes in Korea. It is because Japan has early been interested in this field. It is also because it has nationally tried to improve water quality of lakes and marshes at the government level. This parer, at least, can also suggest a direction and implication concerning the matter for protecting the worse water quality of lakes and marshes in Korea.

Defizite und Lösungsansätze der Risikoregulierung und der Risikokommunikation als interdisziplinäres Problem in Deutschland - Unter besonderer Berücksitigung in Deutschland -

CHO, In-Sung | 2009, 43(2) | pp.125~144 | number of Cited : 5

Ein Leben ohne Risiko ist nicht denkbar, eine absolute Sicherheit nicht erreichbar. Unterhalb dieser Schwellen lässt sich jedoch durch eine angemessene Abschätzung und Bewertung von Risiken und ein angemessenes Risikomanagement ein hohes Maß an Sicherheit erreichen. Insoweit bislang bestehende Defizite sind zuletzt durch die Risikokommission ebenso beschrieben worden wie pragmatische Ansätze zu ihrem Abbau. Was fehlt, ist die praktische Umsetzung der vorhandenen Vorschläge. Die Risikokommission hat in weiten Teilen Zustimmung erfahren, in einzelnen Punkten auch Kritik, insbesondere hinsichtlich des Vorschlags zur Einrichtung eines Risikorates. Unumstritten ist aber, dass der Risikoregulierung bislang ein allgemeiner rechtlich festgeschriebener Handlungsrahmen fehlt. Moniert wird dies seit Jahren vom Rat von Sachverständigen für Umweltfragen, von den Kommissionen für ein Umweltgesetzbuch, von vielen Stimmen in der Literatur und zuletzt wieder von der Risikokommission, deren interdisziplinäre Zusammensetzung ihren Vorschlägen besonderen Nachdruck verleiht. So bleibt am Ende nur ein Appell an die verantwortlichen politischen Stellen, die Umsetzung der Vorschläge der von ihnen selbst eingesetzten Gremien energisch voran zu treiben. Sie sollten nicht auf den nächsten Skandal warten, bevor sie tätig werden. Offenen und transparenten Verfahren und einem einheitlichen Organisationsrahmen auf nationaler, aber auch auf der europäischen Ebene wird in Zukunft eine besondere Bedeutung zukommen, um Schäden vorzubeugen und zu für alle Seiten akzeptablen Ergebnissen zu kommen. Eine angemessene Risikoregulierung und Risikokommunikation ist in unserer hochtechnisierten Gesellschaft unabdingbare Voraussetzung des Schutzes der menschlichen Gesundheit und der Umwelt. Nicht erst die BSE-Krise hat gezeigt, dass die Bewältigung der insoweit bestehenden staatlichen Aufgaben mitunter nur unzureichend gelingt. Der Beitrag beschreibt bestehende Defizite bei der Risikobewältigung sowohl auf der nationalen als auch auf der europäischen Ebene und zeigt Lösungsansätze auf. Vorgestellt werden insbesondere die Vorschläge der Risikokommission.

Loss Compensation Issue under Land Expropriation of China

Sungyeon Lee | 2009, 43(2) | pp.145~166 | number of Cited : 2

Protecting the freedom and property right of the people in modern constitutional state is an important goal where the country exists. To exercise the right of eminent domain imposes a special sacrifice on people who is levied a land. So the country must reasonably compensate for economical loss caused by land expropriation. We need reasonable compensation for protecting property right of the people and easily performing land expropriation. Since china reform and open policy, social economy development and urbanized advancement acceleration, the rural collective land has become the main way for expanding the building site and the city scale. Under this process the rural collective land is widely expropriated, as a result so many farmer lost theirs farmland. “2005: Analysis and Forecast of China's Social Situation” written by the group of Analysis and Forecast of Social Situation from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences thought among china's facing social problems land expropriation issues take the premier place. There have been 40 millions farmers lost farmland and several millions increase every year. Also more than 65% of national rural group incidents were caused by land expropriation. The reason land expropriation issues take the main problem in china society just is an illogical compensation system of land expropriation. This system had formed in the time of planned economy, thus there are many problems: low standard of compensation; narrow the scope of compensation; inflexible manner of compensation; illogical principle of compensation; compensation process and judicial relief is imperfect. The land expropriation arrogate property right which is the direct object and inflict indirect loss which caused by land expropriation. thus through improving compensation system of land can prevent from caused by land expropriation process, and can protect the lawful rights and interests of farmer.

The Legal Problems of PFI in Korea

김광수 | 2009, 43(2) | pp.167~182 | number of Cited : 21

Legal Analysis on Private Finance Initiative for Social Infrastructure Project

Daein Kim | 2009, 43(2) | pp.183~206 | number of Cited : 16

Private Finance Initiative (PFI), which is a typical type of PPP (Public Private Partnership), is gaining importance nowadays for social infrastructure project. However, PFI has been criticized for its failure in meeting transparency & efficiency needs in Korea. To address this issue, this article analyzed PFI in comparison with traditional public procurement. The reason for this comparison is as follows. First, historically, PFI was introduced as an alternative to traditional public procurement. Second, in comparative law perspective, PFI related laws were established in the context of applicability of traditional public procurement law. Hence, we can grasp the desirable PFI regime by making clear the common and different features of both regimes. The major difference of both type is that efficiency is relatively more emphasized in PFI. Since PFI is usually associated with long-term & complex project, 'distribution of risk' is crucial point in devising PFI related laws. Considering these features, many commentators emphasizes flexibility and incentive system which are mandatory for the efficiency of PFI. However, there are also common features in both regimes. The most typical similarity is that PFI should also meet the needs of public interest, and efficiency should be pursued on the basis of transparency. Christine Harland's "7 steps of development in public procurement" theory gives the basis for this argument. In this context, a few suggestions can be made. First, the standard for selecting a specific method - whether a certain project should be managed by PFI or traditional public procurement - should be established clearly. In devising this standard, Value for Money will be a crucial concept. However, this concept should not be understood in narrow economic perspectives. Second, adequate competition should be guaranteed in each PFI stage. Not only in pre-selection phase, but also in main-selection phase, due level of competition should be realized for transparency. Third, various government support system should be used. Direct subsidy should be prevented for its lack of transparency & efficiency. Other methods, such as tax benefit, anciliary revenue sources, should be actively used.

Improvement Methods and Case Study for the Right of Sale Claim with Reconstruction Project in Urban and Residential Environment Maintenance Law

KANG JEONG GYU , 강진영 | 2009, 43(2) | pp.207~228 | number of Cited : 15

Reconstruction is concerned with lots of parties like the housing union, the members, non-members and officials of the union, public authorities concerned, the main constructor and the company of urban rearrangement management. Such project can be properly proceeded and completed only when interests of concerned parties are better coordinated. To proceed housing reconstruction more smoothly requires better coordinating different interests of concerned parties who are entangled or even confronted with each other. But this may be very difficult. Actually, there were few cases of reconstruction that were smoothly proceeded under mutual positive cooperation among interested parties of the project. In fact, disputes among concerned parties of reconstruction may be said as inherent in the project. Such disputes, especially legal, necessarily result in the extension of the period of reconstruction. What the extension, or the waste of time means is financial cost increase. This situation ultimately may lead to the abandonment of reconstruction despite an enormous expenditure of the project was already made because it may cause the project to lose its validity. Giving up reconstruction is never a result that interested parties of the project. It is also undesirable in terms of public benefit. Shortening the period of reconstruction by preventing or rapidly solving legal disputes among interested parties has a great effect on the success of the project. Based on the above problems of reconstruction, this study investigated actual cases of legal disputes over the right of claim for sale as arisen in the progress of the project, and proposed how to improve the existing system of using the same right. Here, the ultimate purpose of this study lies in contributing to the success of reconstruction by using the foresaid proposal to help prevent or rapidly solve legal disputes over the right of claim for sale as arisen in relation to the implementation of the project.

Die Verfassungsrechtliche Schranke und die Verbesserungsrichtung von das Gesetz über Jeju Spezial Selbst-Verwaltung Provinz

Hwan Myoung Pyo | 2009, 43(2) | pp.229~256 | number of Cited : 5

Zusicherung im Verwaltungsrecht unter Beruecksichtigung der Kireanischen Rechtsprechung

Hae-Ryoung Kim | 2009, 43(2) | pp.257~286 | number of Cited : 5

Legal Character of Administrative Notice

Chi Hwan Kim | 2009, 43(2) | pp.287~316 | number of Cited : 4

The Change of Legislative Task and the Functions of Congressional Supporting Organization

Yooncheol Choi | 2009, 43(2) | pp.317~340 | number of Cited : 14

The Study on the Theory of Risk Liability

Kim Ki Jin | 2009, 43(2) | pp.341~360 | number of Cited : 7

Autonomie der (Gelds)Wirtschaft als Basis des (öffentlichen, privatlichen) Wirtschaftsrechts

Kwon,Young-Ae | 2009, 43(2) | pp.361~378 | number of Cited : 0

Eine Untersuchung über das Normenkontrollverfahren in Deutschland

KANG, HYUN HO | 2009, 43(2) | pp.379~402 | number of Cited : 8

Hiermit wird das deutsche Normenkontrollverfahren untersucht. Das Normenkontrollverfahren besitzt eine besondere Bedeutung im Vergleich zu der Kontrolle des Verwaltungsaktes, denn es garantiert dem Bürger für die rechtliche Sicherheit und den grundlegenden Rechtsschutz. Durch das Normenkontrollverfahren können auch die Rechtsgewißheit und die Einheitlichkeit der Rechtsanwendung und damit auch die Verfahrensökonomie durch die Vermeidung weiterer Prozesse sichergestellt werden. Das Normenkontrollverfahren besitzt auch eine doppelte Funktion nämlich die Funktion des subjektiven Rechtsschutzes der Antragsteller und auch die Funktion der objektiven Rechtsbeanstandung. Deswegen ist die Behauptung der Rechtsverletzung der Antragsteller nur die Eröffnungsvoraussetzung der Normenkontrolle. Nach der Eröffnung wird bei der Begründetheitsprüfung eine umfangreiche Kontrolle durchgeführt, bei der die Rechtsvorschrift darüber geprüft wird, ob sie mit der höheren Norm angepaßt ist. Wegen des objektiven Rechtsbeanstandungscharakters der Normenkontroll besitzt die Entscheidung des Oberverwaltungsgerichts, mit welcher die Nichtigkeit einer Norm festgestellt wird, eine allgemeine Verbindlichkeit. Neulich erscheint die Meinung in Deutschland, in der die Unterscheidung zwischen der Rechtsnorm und dem Verwaltungsakt aufgegeben wird oder die Rechtsnorm und der Verwaltungsakt als Gegenstände der Verwaltungsklage angenommen werden, um die Bedeutung des Artikels 19 Abs. 4 GG aktiv ins Gang zu setzen. Natürlich gibt es eine andere Meinung, nämlich hinsichtlich der demokratischen Legitimation. In Korea wird auch die Meinung aufgetaucht, in der die Rechtsnorm für Verwaltungsakt gehalten wird, um als Gegenstand der Verwaltungsklage insbesondere der Anfechtungsklage anzunehmen. Aber dieser Versuch bringt wiederum ein schwieriges Problem mit sich, denn er macht die Rechtsnatur von anderen Verwaltungshandlungen unklar. Darum ist es dringlich geboten, wie in Deutschland ein Normenkontrollverfahren in das koreanische Verwaltungsklagesystem einzuführen.

The Achievement and the Problem of the Taxpayer Movements in Korea

KIM DOO HYUNG | 2009, 43(2) | pp.403~436 | number of Cited : 1

The Problems and Improvement Plan of Enacting Municipal by-law

Kim, Byeong-Rok | 2009, 43(2) | pp.437~460 | number of Cited : 19

A Constitutional Study on the State's Duty of Upholding Traditional Culture and the Preservation of Traditional Temples

Kim, Sang-Kyum , 김성준 | 2009, 43(2) | pp.461~482 | number of Cited : 10

The 21st century is an age of culture. Diverse exchanges and communication among nations have accelerated globalization. Among the multi-layered interaction has cultural exchange become more important and frequent. The Constitution states in Article 9 the duty of the state to do every effort for the upholding and development of traditional culture. The importance of culture to the State can be definitely inferred from the fact that our Constitution mentions traditional and ethnic culture. Furthermore, in the culture lies the spirit and identity of a nation which were formed through the historical river. Our country has protected traditional temples as a part of traditional and ethnic culture. Traditional temples, as a preservation of Buddhist culture ingrained in our culture since the introduction of Buddhism to Korean peninsula, are being protected for the development of the culture. The state enacted “Traditional temples preservation law” to reach the goal. However, the content of this law hardly complements the “Traditional temples appointment policy”. That is, the law has not been playing a proper role for the cultural value and historical meaning granted to traditional temples. The basic characteristics of the temple as a residents for monks and at the same time as a space for people's religious acts are not even considered in the law. The most problematic issue in the Temple Law is the issue of temples within the environment protection area. Since most of the temples are located in the greens comes the issue in conflict with environment. The environment issue is an important agenda for the survival of human being in the 21st century. This provides the background why people must search for a method to cope with environmental issues and at the same time preserve the meaning of traditional temples. As our Constitution states, the state has an obligation for the preservation of its culture. Law makers should contemplate on a breakthrough to this issue within the rights and freedom of legislation. Not only environment, but also culture is the main agenda of the 21st century. The Buddhist culture as a great legacy of history is not merely a religious phenomenon. It is the spirit and mentality of our tradition and ethnicity. Law and institutions would have to develop in a way, in which traditional culture can be preserved and developed and at the same time, in which the flow of globalization is not disregarded.

Realization of Cultural State and Cultural Decentralization - At the Time of Establishment of Busan Cultural Foundation -

Kim, Se-Kyu | 2009, 43(2) | pp.483~504 | number of Cited : 8

Legal Issues of ASP Proliferation Strategy in Public Sector

KIM, IL HWAN , KIM, MIN HO | 2009, 43(2) | pp.505~524 | number of Cited : 0

ASP has the strong point that it can spread information quickly by lease in inexpensive price, due to the the anxiety about safety and reliability, the result of promotion of information by ASP method is however very weak in public sector. To proliferate ASP in public sector, It's important to understand the environmental factors that cause public institutions to evade the introduction of ASP and provide institutional mechanism or legal basis to eliminate those factors. Especially in the public sector, there are not only problems of ASP in the private sector, but also problems concerning the particularity of public institutions. In case damage to civil applicants or difficulty in handling civil application due to the defect of solution program, while operating ASP service, people try to ask excessive liabilities of the compensation or punishment to the public service personnel in charge. It is likely that the introduction of ASP would be highly contracted with the rigidity of public offices. Therefore, once procedural justice and legal adequacy are examined in the process of ASP introduction considering characteristics of public offices, it is necessary to provide institutional provisions or legal basis responding to the administrative responsibility that can occur afterward. In addition, the ground for granting adequate incentives for actual results of ASP introduction, budget reduction, or accomplishment in civil application service should be established in order to suggest realistic alternative that can spread the introduction of ASP in public sector. In these those purposes, this study will thoroughly examine own problems of ASP service which are indicated as the subject that should be still complemented and problems in enforcement, though the service is already activated in enterprises, so it attempts to fundamental analysis for legal and institutional improvement for activation of ASP service in public sector. After that, it provides legal orinstitutional equipment plans related to public information, which can be the very core and essential requirements for positive proliferation and activation of ASP service in public sector. With with this premise of improvement of legal institution, this study tris to establish the improvement strategy of information activation in public sector using ASP, and more over, examine possibilities and connection devices for linking with e-Government project. Finally, this study derives politic auspicious schemes for the proliferation of ASP service in public sector.

A Study on the Safety Guarantee of Public Structures like Professional Baseball Park in the View of Public Law

김종천 | 2009, 43(2) | pp.525~564 | number of Cited : 5

Professional baseball must be the popular sport which is loved by the public. It is natural for a crowd to fill ball parks after baseball season starts. If so, how about the safety of professional baseball Park that can accommodate many people? Accidents such as death from pressure can happen at narrow paths in a ball park and self safety diagnosis under a local autonomous entity has been conducted though many years have passed since most of the professional baseball parks were built. This unreliable safety supervision can threaten the lives and bodies of people. So the legal theory and the legal system should be prescribed to guarantee safety of the lives and bodies of people from risk or danger which can be caused by old ramshackle professional baseball parks. And to do that, the national safety protection obligation theory of the constitution should be systematized. Building Act, National Land Planning and Utilization Act, Installation Maintenance and Safety Control of Fire-Fighting Systems Act, Special Act on the Safety Control of Public Structures that belong to a field of the safety administrative law related to risk on the basis of the constitution should be radiated and then through the safety administrative law, the national safety protection obligation can be realized. For example, Building Act as a law to prevent in advance risk or danger of the lives and bodies of people caused by old ramshackle professional baseball parks provides safety supervision system such as construction permission, construction report, structure safety, fire prevention requisites, evacuation requisites, the others risk prevention requisites, building use recognition system. Both permission of development act in National Land Planning and Utilization Act and restriction of the purpose of use and form restriction requisites which belong to construction permission requisites can guarantee safety of the lives and bodies of people. Installation Maintenance and Safety Control of Fire-Fighting Systems Act legislates prescriptions related to fire inspection, consent of construction permission and fire. And in case of the existing professional baseball parks, safety supervision can be achieved through Special Act on the Safety Control of Public Structures. Therefore professional baseball parks cannot get close safety diagnosis because facilities like professional baseball parks under Special Act on the Safety Control of Public Structures conform to class 2 facility. They come under culture and assembly facilities more than 5,000㎡ by the same law Enforcement Decree Article 2 Clause 1 annex list, so safety diagnosis and repair works are provided to be done once a 6 months through 3 years. Accordingly, the provision that class 1 facilities which is 50,000㎡ can get close safety diagnosis under the same law Enforcement Decree Article 2 Clause 1 annex list should be revised or exceptionally the provision that outworn facilities like old ramshackle professional baseball parks can get the close safety diagnosis should be legislated. So revision of the law through Special Act on the Safety Control of Public Structures realize to guarantee safety of the lives and bodies of people from risk or danger caused by old ramshackle professional baseball parks.

A Study on Private Security - Focusing on Revision of the Private Security Law -

Kim Chang-Hwee | 2009, 43(2) | pp.565~586 | number of Cited : 16

A Study on the Reform Measure of the National Subsidy System

김충묵 , 강민규 | 2009, 43(2) | pp.587~610 | number of Cited : 14

Öffentliche Unternehmen als Träger der Daseinsvorsorge und Wirtschaftlichkeitsprinzip in Deutschland

Kim Hyung Seob | 2009, 43(2) | pp.611~636 | number of Cited : 22

Auf dem Weg der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung hatten die öffentlichen Unternehmen in Korea die Privatwirtschaft ergänzt, Mängel der Volkswirtschaft ausgeglichen und eine große Rolle auf das Wirtschaftswachstum gespielt. Obwohl die Grundlegung der öffentlichen Unternehmen von öffentlichen Zwecken ausging sind, haben wirtschaftliche Betätigungen der öffentlichen Hand jedoch viele rechtliche und wirtschaftliche Probleme verursacht: übermäßige Eingriffe in der Privatwirtschaft, Grundrechtsverletzungen, die strukturellen Ineffizienzen und Überwälzung des Betriebsverlust auf das Volk usw. Heutzutage soll eine Verschlechterung der wirtschaftlichen Lage als Folge der internationalen Finanzkrise die öffentlichen Unternehmen sogar in den Mittelpunkt einer Reform rücken. Dennoch wird die Bedeutung ihre Existenz hervorgehoben, denn sie sind noch heute als Instrumente staatlicher Wirtschaftspolitik in vielen Branchen vertreten: Garant für eine Infrastruktur für Daseinsvorsorge, Wirtschaftsförderer Wettbewerbsregulator, Gemeinwohlbindung und Förderung der sozialpolitischen Aufgaben. Das öffentliche Unternehmen ist jedes Unternehmen, auf das die öffentliche Hand aufgrund Eigentums einen beherrschenden Einfluss ausübt. Dieser Begriff des öffentlichen Unternehmens kann nur als umfassender Sammelbegriff für gesamte wirtschaftliche Tätigkeiten der öffentlichen Hand und vielfältige Unternehmenstypen verstanden werden, die unter dem Einfluss der öffentliche Hand stehen und nach Art der Aufgaben spezifiziert werden müssen. Der Verfassungsstaat muss als Staatszweck die individuelle Freiheit aus der Menschenwürde und Sicherheit garantieren. Die Staatszwecke werden durch notwendige Staatsaufgaben konkretisiert. Im modernen Wohlfahrtstaat ist die Daseinsvorsorge als “Vorsorge zur optimalen Freiheitsverwirklichung” und notwendige Staatsaufgabe zudem zu sicherstellen. Die Daseinsvorsorge als Rechtsbegriff dient unmittelbar öffentlichen Interessen und befindet sich im Rahmen der öffentlichen Zweckbindung. Das Wirtschaftlichkeitsprinzip stellt als Optimierungsgebot ein allgemeines Verwaltungsrechtsprinzip im Bereich der Verwaltungshandlung und Verwaltungsorganisation dar. Es erreicht bei der Auswahl der Organisationsform und Organisationsstruktur als Organisationsprinzip das anvisierte Ziel mit dem geringsten Aufwand und erzielt mit den eingesetzten Mitteln den möglichst größten Nutzen. Im Bezug auf die Daseinsvorsorgeaufgabe dient die Wirtschaftlichkeit bei Daseinsvorsorge der Kostensenkung und die Wirtschaftlichkeit im Wettbewerb dient der Gewinnmaximierung. Wie die öffentlichen Unternehmen die Wirtschaftlichkeit verfolgen und damit die politische und wirtschaftliche Staatszwecke erreichen können, wenn sie Staatsinteressen verlangen, ist von großer Bedeutung. Zum Schluss sollen die öffentlichen Unternehmen die Staatszwecke erlangen, indem sich ihre Wirtschaftlichkeit mit den effizienten Methoden unter öffentlichem Interesse erhöht, so dass sie dem Volk hochwertige Dienstleistungen anbieten können.

A Study on the Issue Arising from the Use of Private Telecommunications Facilities beyond its Installation Purposes in Ubiquitous Cities

Wan-Q Pak | 2009, 43(2) | pp.637~656 | number of Cited : 2

Ubiquitous cities(“u-City”) are now being constructed and will be constructed in over 50 cities including but not limited to Busan, Dongtan, Paju, Kwangkyo, and Heungduck. The lack of law directly concerning the construction of u-cities caused many problems such as difficulties in obtaining necessary permits, inconsistent technological standards, and confusion as to the concept of u-City, etc. In order to resolve these problems, ‘Ubiquitous City Construction Act’ (“UCCA”) was enacted last March 28th and became effective as of September 29th. Connectivity, integration, and interchangibility are the functional traits of u-City and such traits needs to be realized amongst different information types, technologies, and administrative entities through information network. Under the Telecommunications Framework Act(“TFA”), information network is classified according to its installation purposes either as private telecommunications facilities (“PTFs” hereafter) or business telecommunications facilities(“BTFs” hereafter). Particularly Article 21 of TFA strictly restricts PTFs to be used only as their installation purposes prescribe unless “a special provision in other statutes” provides otherwise. In order to accomplish u-City's functional traits, it may be necessary to use PTFs beyond their installation purposes. The question is whether the UCCA provides for “a special provision in other statutes” within the meaning of Article 21 of TFA. It is not so. UCCA does not provide any provisions for PTFs at all let alone it does not provide for a “special provision” within the meaning of Article 21 of the TFA. Therefore, UCCA may not be interpreted as abolishing the restriction on PTFs under Article 21 of TFA. The Ministry of Land and See attempted to lift the restriction on PTAs. The proposed presidential decree by the agency contained a controversial provision that included PTAs as one of telecommunications network provided for under UCCA. If PTAs are to be used to accomplish u-city's functional traits without restriction, it may frustrate Article 21 of TFA. However, this controversial provision was modified later by inserting ‘ubiquitous sensor network’ instead of PTFs. Another attempt to lift restrictions are being made in the parliament. Some parliamentary members has proposed to amend UCCA so that administrative agencies and public institutes may interconnect with each other through PTFs. I suggest there be ample and serious discussion and consensus amongst interested parties including citizens, relevant industry leaders, policy makers, and scholars concerning the PTFs policy before such amendment is made. Considering the magnitude of u-Cities nationwide, the impact that such deregulation will bring to society as a whole as well as telecommunications industry is too great to think lightly. The policy regulating PTFs has not been made in a few days, and abolishment of it also should not be.

Recent Trends and Issues on Legislation of Personal Information Protection Law

BAEK YUN CHUL | 2009, 43(2) | pp.657~680 | number of Cited : 4

A Study on Administrative Guidances & Ex Facto Post Reliefs

LEE SOONJA | 2009, 43(2) | pp.681~714 | number of Cited : 8

Administrative guidances function as an elastic and flexible administrative means in that they could be carried out with no legal grounds, playing a complementary role in defective legality. On top of that, they have helping functions of preventing conflicts and resistances by seeking a voluntary cooperation from their recipient, providing new knowledge and technologies, and integratively adjusting conflicting stakeholders. On the other hand, they are of non-authoritativeness based on their recipient's voluntary cooperation, which is why it's difficult to admit their mandative enforcements and impossible to accept a claim for compensations in accordance with an administrative litigation since there have been a prior consent from the recipient. These problems make it hard to realize ex facto post reliefs. Comparing cases and theories on administrative guidances and state tort liabilities between Japan and South Korea, this study aims at developing an upgraded theory of state tort liabilities based on the institutional differences between them. The study also addresses the flow of administrative guidances in accordance with the requirements for state tort liability, and the possibility on whether the types of administrative guidances could determine the state tort liabilities. In conclusion, the flow chart of administrative guidances proposed in this study enabled one to have knowledge not only at what stage each requirement for state tort liabilities has to be secured in what form, but also how each type of administrative guidances induce a judgement on voluntariness and causal relationships. In addition to that, it's been found that whether illegality and deliberation or negligence should be considered the same kind of requirement for state tort liabilities or not led to different results on whether the state tort liabilities can be acknowledged or not.

Study on The Protection of Personal data and It's Reuse

Jeong Jun-hyeon | 2009, 43(2) | pp.715~736 | number of Cited : 0

Nowadays, Korea is estimated and recognized as the most conveniently digitalized nation in the world, enough to access the internet and enjoy ubiquitous society. In other words, korean peoples become so much more dependent on the internet that most of them can not get along without internet, and these environments make it possible that every internet service provider gather and store a lot of personal data. As a natural consequence of the above mentioned, it is necessary such a policy as to utilize the above personal data less than to keep them in drawers. For this aim, the followings are possibly suggested; First, the personal residence number as a unique-permanent identified personal number shall give it's own legal place to “Alternative code”, which is easily changed in accordance with the number owner's wish and is not permitted to identify the code without warrant issued by the judge. Secondly, public authority to confirm identify shall be given to the alternative code like the officially authorized key, to keep legal safety between parties concerned in blind anonymous cyber space. Thirdly, it shall be drawn up plans to solve the digital divide in popularizing the alternative code and the officially authorized key. Fourthly, personal data like telephone number or e-mail adress, which make it possible to communicate each other in cyber space characterized as Zero-privacy Society, shall be open to everybody. Above the personal data shall bo found acceptance as social restrict but the alternative code and the officially authorized key. Last, in one hand, it shall be imposed duty upon ISP to separate only none-identifying data from personal data first of all and then to store or reuse the data, if ISP wish to gather personal data. In another hand, the government shall promote the right of data base and the concerned industries to realize the sustainable ubiquitous-society.

Constitutional Review on the Right to Fresh Drinking Water - focusing on water service-related law -

Yongjeon Choi | 2009, 43(2) | pp.737~752 | number of Cited : 7

KJCKorea
Journal Central

Public Land Law Review 2023 KCI Impact Factor : 1.14

2009, Vol.43, No.2