2009, Vol.43, No.3

The Development of Modern Property Right's Taking Jurisprudence - focused on the analysis of the U.S. Supreme Court's decisions-

In-Sun Seok | 2009, 43(3) | pp.1~30 | number of Cited : 9

The United States has a highly individualistic market-based concept of property in the guarantee of property rights. One of the important provisions regarding economic regulations in the U.S. Constitution is the Fifth Amendment(hereinafter “Taking Clause”), which prescibes “Nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.” The federal and state governments have the power to take private properties for public use. Due to the Taking Clause, the government must provide private person just compensation for national appropriation or restriction of private properties. The jurisprudence over the scope of and extent to the property right's protection is embodied through the type, requirement and compensation of the property right's infringement by the government, such as a taking. Considering these matters, the study of the U.S taking jurisprudence is very useful for understanding the theories and practices of property right's guarantee in the U.S. The U.S. Supreme Court tends to interpret the Taking Clause as protecting the economic value and expectation of the property, not the purpose of property right's guarantee. In addition to the brief provisions about property rights in the U.S. Constitution, the guarantee of property rights is realized to the taking jurisprudence by the U.S. Supreme Court's decisions. Accordingly, the review of property right's taking jurisprudence focused on analyzing the Court's cases is an essential part of the discussions over the property right's guarantee in the U.S. Constitution. With previewing the historical development of taking jurisprudence, this article mainly deals with modern taking jurisprudence surrounding the Taking Clause in the U.S. Supreme Court. Through this study, I will explore how the private person's economic right, especially the right to landownership, is protected and limited by the Taking Clause. In this article, Part I raises the need to preview the subject and Part II deals with the history and development of the Taking Clause to analyze the modern property right's taking jurisprudence. In Part III, I examine which property is protected by the Taking Clause, through analyzing the Court's cases. After looking over the type of problematic regulations in the taking jurisprudence in Part IV, I consider how the modern taking jurisprudence responds to and develops discussions over the sensitive practical taking problems rising from economic regulations by means of evaluating the Court's main cases regarding the Taking Clause in Part V.

Achievements and challenges of national territorial of policies in Korea

Suh Soon-Tak | 2009, 43(3) | pp.31~54 | number of Cited : 5

Legal Study on the U-City Law

손형섭 | 2009, 43(3) | pp.55~76 | number of Cited : 5

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A Study on the Cases of Just Compensation

LEE SANG HOON , Ho-Young SEOK | 2009, 43(3) | pp.77~94 | number of Cited : 9

The purpose of redevelopment work is to recover the function of city, to maintain the living environment, to promote the public welfare and to ensure the property right at optimum level. In order to achieve these purposes, however, just compensation clearly stated under the Article 23, clause 3 of the constitutional law needs to be fulfilled for the private properties taken by the government for public utilities in the redevelopment areas as a prior condition. Accordingly, the redevelopment work, not premised by the just compensation, would only exact the sacrifice from the private owners whose properties are taken by the government in the project area, and, as a result, it would not be able to achieve its very first purposes. This study first summarizes the latest case 'Yongsan Fourth Area Redevelopment Project' and surveys the cause of 'Yongsan tragedy' happened on 2009. Jan. 20. to examine the actual compensation matters accompanied by the expropriation, and then attempts to present any possible plan or resolution of executing the just compensation for the private owners whose properties are taken for the redevelopment project by reviewing the compensation provisions of other countries, the U.S., Germany, and Japan. It seems to be obvious that the countries considered in this study all recognize the necessity of just compensation when taking the private properties and of reflecting a proper market value in computing the just compensation. Yet, the provisions and cases examined in this study were not still enough to provide the standard of just compensation because some cases showed different judgements on the recognition of the just compensation or the limitation of private property. Although presenting the standard of just compensation was not possible in this study, this study understands that, for the execution of just compensation, the social factor and circumstance, the type of property taken by the government, the limitation of property right, etc. need to be considered in estimating the just compensation according to each individual case, and, the institutional improvement or political plan such as the reformation of appraisal system, the improvement of selecting the appraiser, the city maintenance fund, etc. need to be performed for covering the losses such as investment cost or rental premium which cannot be covered by the compensation provisions.

A Study on the Revitalizing Law and Policy for Less-Developed Regions and Balanced National Development

Seo, Bo Keon | 2009, 43(3) | pp.95~112 | number of Cited : 8

A Study on the Legal Principles on Compensation Appraisals for Lands used as Roads under the Land Compensation Act

육정균 | 2009, 43(3) | pp.113~130 | number of Cited : 0

Improvements for a Selection System of Appraisal Business Operators of Compensation Appraisals

Heo, Kang Moo | 2009, 43(3) | pp.131~150 | number of Cited : 2

Korean Unification and the Land Policy of North Korea

Cholho Choi | 2009, 43(3) | pp.151~176 | number of Cited : 14

The Principal Contents and the Problems on the Revised Bill to theSpecial Act On the Jeju Special Self-Governing Province - Focusing on Transfer of the Tourism 3 Acts -

Ko Heon Hwan | 2009, 43(3) | pp.177~198 | number of Cited : 1

Institutionalization of Emission Trading System in Korea.

Kim, Choon-Hwan | 2009, 43(3) | pp.199~228 | number of Cited : 8

The international community reached agreement at the Kyoto Conference to reduce green house emission through an emissions trading system. Following adoption of the Kyoto Protocol, the operational methods and implementation mechanism for the emissions trading system became the subject of intense debate. At the 4th Conference of Party held in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1998, a detailed work plan for an emission trading system was agreed upon. At this conference, Korea announced its intention to first reduce green house gas emissions on a voluntary basis and then, beginning in the third implementation period (2018-2022) of the Kyoto Protocol, become subject to the legally binding emissions reduction target. Joining the Kyoto Protocol, however, presents significant challenges to Korea, the greatest of which are presents significant challenges to Korea, the greatest of which are presented by ever-increasing domestic energy demand and an industrial structure dominated by manufacturers that inefficiently consume high amounts of energy. Thus, there is an urgent need for Korea to develop multi-dimensional strategies to reduce green house gases. Institutionalization of emission trading system in Korea is very important among the strategies. The emissions trading system, a ceiling on allowable worldwide emissions is established. Especially, the developed countries as well as EU have developed the emission trading system from long time ago. Legal systems of these developed countries can help us to legalize the system. In this paper, the meanings, purposes, merits of emission trading system were described in this paper. The emission trading system of EU, U.S.A., Japan, and England as developing countries were examined and evaluated thoroughly. And the emission trading system of current Korean laws were reviewed, and pointed out several problems. Finally, the legalization of emission trading system presented.

Steuerungsinstrumente der Abfallentsorgung

Song Dongsoo | 2009, 43(3) | pp.229~246 | number of Cited : 4

A Study on the Land Use Restriction for the Environment Conservation

설계경 | 2009, 43(3) | pp.247~266 | number of Cited : 2

Das Gewässerschutzrecht in Deutschland und Dessen Bedeutung

Kim, Hyun Joon | 2009, 43(3) | pp.267~294 | number of Cited : 11

Zum Deutschen Projekt - Mechanismen - Gesetz

yi，jong-yeong | 2009, 43(3) | pp.295~318 | number of Cited : 3

Der deutsche Gesetzgeber hat durch die Einführung des Projekt-Mechanismen-Gesetzes zum 30.9.2005 Instrumente geschaffen, die die Einbeziehung von Emissionsgutschriften aus den projektbezogenen Instrumenten Clean Development Mechanism und Joint Implementation in den Emissionshandel ermöglichen. Mit dem ProMechG sind dabei die Vorgaben der Eu-Richtlinie 2004/101/EG umgesetzt worden. Diese Richtlinie ergänzt die EH-Richtlinie und schaft die Grundlagen für die Nutzung von zertifizierten Emissionsre- duktionen(CER) und Emissionsreduktionseiheiten(ERU) im Emissionsahndelssystem der Eu. Mit den genannten Instrumenten CDM und JI besteht die Möglichkeit, Emissionsberechtigungen zu generieren. Sie gehören zu den im Koyto-Protokoll vorgesehenen flexiblen Instrumenten zum Klimaschutz und haben mit seinem inkrafttreten Anfang 2005 völkerrechtliche Verbindlichkeit erlangt. Die speziellen Voraussetzungen zur Durchführung eines CDM-Projektes regeln §§ 8, 9 ProMechG. Danach hat das Projekt bestimmte Anforderungen zu erfüllen und bedarf der behördlichen Zustimmung. Unter anderem ist für das Projekt zunächst erforderlich, dass von einem Projektträger eine Projektdokumentation erstellt wird. Neben der Projektbeschreibung müssen dort Angaben zu den erwarteten Emissionsminderungen gemacht werden, wobei die Emissionen in der Ausgangssitutation und die Emissionen nach Projktumsetzung zu vergleichen sind. Damit ein CDM-Projekt überhaupt genehmigungsfähig wird, muss im Projekt Design Document auf der Grundlage dieses Vergleichs eine positive Emissionsr- eduktionsmenge dargelegt werden. Ein weiteres Element des PDD besteht in der Festlegung eines Monitoring-Plans. Bei CDM-Projekten kann die Bundesrepublik Deutschland nur als Investorstaat auftreten, das Projekt ist auf dem Staatsgebiet eines Entwiklungslandes durchzuführen. Hier hat DEHSt auf schriftlichen Antrag des Projektträgers die Zustimmung zu erteilen, wenn die mit dem Antrag vorzulegende Projektdokumentationen und sach und fachgerecht erstellte Validierungsbericht ergeben, dass die Projekttätigkeit eine zusätzliche Emissionsminderung erwarten lässt und die Projekttätigkeit keine schwer wiegenden nachteiligen Umweltauswirkungen verursacht und der nachhaltigen Entwicklung des Gastgeberstaates in wirtschaftlicher, sozialer und ökologischer Hinsicht, insbesondere vorhandenen nationalen Nachhaltigkeitstrategien, nicht Zuwiderläuft.

A Study of the Ex-Ante Assessment Mechanism for the Japanese Regulatory Impact Assessment System

Jang Kyo-Sik | 2009, 43(3) | pp.319~338 | number of Cited : 1

The current global economic crisis is foreshadowing the need to move away from current trends emphasizing autonomy and deregulation. While the maximization of profit is an inherent characteristic of a capitalistic system, it does not necessarily mean that capitalism itself sanctions extreme activities that result in complete destruction. Therefore, economic society needs a reasonable social mechanism to limit human greed and risk-taking. One possible solution to this need is regulation. Future crises such as the current global financial crisis, which is a result of an economic system oriented toward autonomy and competition, can be give avoided through renegotiation of government regulation and supervision of the market. This paper focuses on the series of measures taken by the Japanese government as part of a successful regulation reform implemented during the financial crisis of the 1980s. In particular, oneof the main characteristics of the regulatory administration adopted by the Japanese government during this period was that the government alleviated regulations in those economic sectors which required alleviation and strengthened government regulations in those sectors which required stronger governmental intervention. In order to successfully implement this plan, the Japanese government established a Committee on Regulation Reformation, making annual announcements regarding the necessary reform measures for each different economic sector. During these series of processes, the Japanese government also implemented a Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) System, to regularly assess regulatory impact on each different sector of the market. In order to materialize these necessary implementations, the government legislated amendments to its existing laws and regulations. This type of approach could be classified as an expansion of the Ex Ante Assessment Mechanism to the regulations under the Act on Policy Assessment. In the analysis of the Ex Ante Assessment Mechanism in regards to the Japanese market regulations, this paper focused on amendments to the Act on Policy Assessment, as well as the Enforcement Ordinance and Enforcement Regulations. In addition, this paper further investigated the basic policy for Administrative Assessment as well as guidelines provided to conduct these Ex Ante Assessments. The Regulatory Impact Assessment System and the Ex Ante Assessment Mechanism in Japan both have great significance to Korea, which is currently undergoing a comprehensive reformation of its regulations. During this kind of comprehensive reform for the promotion of economic development, an Ex Ante Assessment Mechanism provides an opportunity to assess the possible effects of regulation reforms before their actual implementation, and therefore have great significance in predicting the social cost necessary in implementing the plans.

Eine Studie ueber die Problematik der Bio-Dieselfoerderung in Deutschland"

Shin, Okju | 2009, 43(3) | pp.339~356 | number of Cited : 0

Seit 2000 wächst in EU Bio-Dieselprodukt jählich 28.2%. Deutschland ist das stärkste Herstellungsland von Bio-Diesel unter den EU-Mitgliedstaaten. Zufolge eines Berichtes von 2005 produziert Deutschland 52.4% von gesamte Bio-Diesel in Europa. §2 Nr. 6 von Bundesnaturschutzgesetz verlangt “Aufbau einer nachhaltigen Energiever- sorgung als das Grundsatz zur Minderung der Umweltzerstörung. Das zum 01. Januar 2007 in Kraft getretene Biokraftstoffquotengesetz verpflichtet die Mineralölwirtschaft, einen wachsenden Mindestanteil von Biokraftstoffen, bezogen auf die jährliche Gesamtab- satzmenge eines an Otto- und Dieselkraftstoff, in Verkehr zu bringen(Biokraftstoffqqote). Und durch die Nachhaltigkeitsverordnung ist das nachhaltige Menagement bei Land-, Forstwirtschaft und Umweltschutz gesichert. Problematisch ist aber, dass die Nachhaltig- keitsverordnung zwei Kriterien für die Nachhaltigkeit gestellt hat. Einerseits stellt sie für deutsche Landfläche sehr strenge. Kriterien, nämlich ‘Anforderungen der guten fachlichen Praxis’, andererseits stellt sie ausserhalb von Deutschland den gelockertn Massstab für die Nachhaltigkeit. Bis heute importiert Deutschland meistens aus Indonesien Palmöl, Palmkernöl und Palmschrot, die meistens als Nahrungsmittel verarbeitet sind. Deutschland hat vor, Biostoffe wie Palmöl aus anderen Ländern, insbesondere aus Indonesien zu importieren. Denn es ist unmöglich, deutsche landwirtschaftliche Fläche in Lapsfeld umzuwandeln, um die gezielte Biostoffequote zu erreichen. Seit langem hat Indonesien Umweltprobleme im Zusammenhang mit dem Bau der Palmplantagen, die durch die Abholzung, Roden und Waldbrände verurscht sind. Der Bedarf am Palmöl wird die Regenwald- und Umweltzerstörung von Indonesien beschleunigen. In diesem Zusammenhang prognostizieren viele Wissenschaftler, dass durch Förderung der Biokraftstoffe im Lauf der nächsten 30 Jahre bis zu neun Mal so viel Kohlendioxid freigesetzt. Die minimale Massnahme, die präventiv weitere Zerstörung des Regenwalds und der Umwelt von Indonesien dienen kann, ist das Nachhaltigkeitprinzip. Die Nachhaltigkeitsverordnung muss geändert werden, damit Landfläche innerhalb und ausserhalb Deutschlands gleich nach dem Prinzip der nachhaltigen Entwicklung geschützt werden können

Die Verschiedenen Arten von Mietverhältnissen in Italienrecht

So,Jae-Seon | 2009, 43(3) | pp.357~398 | number of Cited : 3

Das neulich geänderte italienlische Mietrecht(1998) ist zwar als Mietvertragssystem nicht nur mit der Vertragsfreiheit, sondern auch mit dem vorherigen bestimmten Vertragssystem eingeführt, aber ist das vor allem durch Standardvertrag entstanden, das von Vermieters- bzw. Mietersgenossenschaft bestimmt ist. Die für die von der gemeinschaftlichen Vereinbarung entstandene Begründung der vertraglichen Verbindung benötigte Methode ist darauf hinzuweisen, dass dies durch den Schutz gegen das zwingende Eingreifen eine Methode zur autonomen Konfliktlösung bzw. zum zukünftig zu erwartenden Rechtssystem bedeutet. Bezüglich der funktionalen Veränderung im heutigen Rechtssystem ist das italienische Mietrecht beachtenswert. Deswegen haben wir die Tendenz des italienischen Mietrechts zu beachten. Insbesondere gibt es in Italien einige Tendenz, das Mietrecht von der Immobilienpolitik streng zu trennen. Unter Berücksichtigung der Aktivität im Immobilienmarkt hat das zwischenzeitliche italienische Mietrecht die strengende Kontrolle über die Miete im Immobilienmietvertrag erleitert. Aber das erleichterte Mietrecht ist ein Ergebnis, das durch das Reform des Mietrecht im Jahre 1978 entstanden ist, so war das als ein freilicher Vertrag ins Gesetzbuch nicht integriert. Hinsichtlich der Regelungstechnik ist das eine Pfropfung und bezüglich dessen Methode ist das auch fraglich, ob das mit dem Verfassungsrecht übereinstimmt, aber durch das geänderte Mietrecht ist der Immobilienmarkt wieder balanciert. Wegen der Fortdauer des Mietersrechts ist die Festigkeit zwischen der Fortdauer und der Begrenzung der Miete gemildert. Nach einigen Auffassungen in italienischen Lehren ist das als eine Rückkehr zum Zivilgesetzbuch angesehen, aber ist das richtig bzw. in sich widerspruchfrei formuliert? In der Mietekontrolle gibt es grundsätzlich eine Beschränkung, so ist das auch ein Ergebnis, das vom tatsächlichen Bedarf im Markt nachgebend entstanden ist. Durch das Recht im Jahre 1992, das zwar aus dem Recht im Jahre 1978 stammt, hat das Recht im Jahre 1998 einige Besonderheiten. Aus diesem Gesichtspunkt soll das Recht im Jahre 1978 eine rechtsgeschichtliche Bedeutung haben. Die Fortdauer des Mietersrechts bzw. die Rückkehr des Immobilien- mietvertrags zum Zivilgesetzbuch bedeutet nicht die Rückkehr zur Besitz- od. Vertragsfreiheit. Daher ist die Geleichstellung der Vollziehung über die Übergabeentscheidung gesetzgeberisch zu berücksichtigen. Zwischen beiden Mietrechten im Jahre 1978 bzw. 1998 gibt es einen großen Unterschied. Wie oben genannt ist, wollte das Recht im Jahre 1978 durch das unmittelbare Eingreifen in den individuellen Vertrag die Mietekontrolle bzw. Fortdauer des Mieterrechts ausführen. Das war die Absicht des Gesetzgebers, dass der Mieter leicht die Mietobjekte erhalten konnte, auch dadurch das Mietverhältnis mehr stabilisiert wurde. Aber durch das gesetzliche Eingreifen war die Gelegenheit zum Erhalten der Mietobjekte weggenommen und schließlich waren die nicht gemieteten Immobilien drastisch zugenommen. Daher ist das Mietrecht im Jahre 1998 ein Ergebnis, das nicht die alte Fassung nachfolgte und systemmatisch sich umgewandelt. Nach dem Mietrecht im Jahre 1998 ist die Miete von den Vertragsbeteiligten selbst entschieden und ist das bestimmte Vertragssystem durch den steuerpolitischen Vorteil gefördert und durch die staatliche Förderung zur Miete konnten die niedrigen Einkommende viel leicht die Mietobjekte erhalten. Zusätzlich kann das Mietrecht auch die Privatautonomie noch beschränken, um die Stabilisierung des Mietverhältnisses zu sichern. Das Vorkaufsrecht ist auch dem Mieter eingeräumt. Die oben genannten Inhälte sind Ansichte des italienischen Gesetzgebers, um die Zusammenhang zwischen dem Mieter und der Mietobjekte stabil und fortdauerlich zu sichern.

Contrôle de constitutionnalité des lois en France

Park, In Soo | 2009, 43(3) | pp.399~412 | number of Cited : 8

Le contrôle de constitutionnalité est l'activité principale du Conseil Constitutionnel(C.C.). Pris en cette qualité, le C.C. dispose de compétences complexes qui peuvent faire l'objet de multiples classifications. En retenant comme critère la procédure de saisine, on distingue le contrôle obligatoire, et le contrôle facultatif. Le contrôle est obligatoire pour les lois organiques avant leur promulgation et pour les règlements des assemblées parlementaires et du Congrès avant leur application en vertu de l'article 61 al. l. Dans les deux cas, il s'agit d'un contrôle exhaustif qui porte sur toute les dispositions soumises au C.C. Celles des dispositions qui ne sont pas censurées sont donc présumées conformes à la Consititution. En dehors dans les deux cas, la révision constitutionnelle en 2008 ajoute l'objet du contrôle obligatoire par l'article 61 al. 1. C'est à dire, pour le troisième cas, les propositions de loi mentionnées à l’'article 11 avant qu’'elles ne soient soumises au référendum. Le contrôle est faculitatif pour deux catégories d'actes : les lois ordinaires et les traités. Les lois ordinaires peuvent être déferées au C.C., avant leur promulgation, par le Président de la République, le Premier ministre, le président de l'autre assemblée, soixante deputés ou soixante senateurs. Le C.C. se prononce sur leur conformité à la Constitution. Ces dispositions contenues dans l'article 61 alinea 2 constituent une innovation. En ce qui concerne le contrôle des traités et accords internationaux, l'article 54 prévoit que le Président de la République , le Premier ministre, le Président de l'une ou l'autre assemblée, soixante deputés ou soixante senateurs, peuvent soumettre au C.C. un traité avant sa ratification ou son approbation. Le Conseil dispose, comme pour le contrôle de consitutionnalité des lois, d'um mois pour se prononcer. D'après la révision constitutionnelle en 2008, la constitution française introduit le contrôle postérieur de constitutionnalité des lois par l'article 61-1. L'article 61-1 dispose : Lorsque, à l’'occasion d’'une instance en cours devant une juridiction, il est soutenu qu’'une disposition législative porte atteinte aux droits et libertés que la Constitution garantit, le Conseil constitutionnel peut être saisi de cette question sur renvoi du Conseil d’'État ou de la Cour de cassation qui se prononce dans un délai déterminé. Une loi organique détermine les conditions d’'application du présent article.

Die Demokratische Legitimation und Das Institut des Verfassungsgerichts

양충모 | 2009, 43(3) | pp.413~428 | number of Cited : 1

A Study on Problems of the Bills of law Against Terrorism and Their Improvement Measures

이대성 | 2009, 43(3) | pp.429~450 | number of Cited : 17

Terrorism has become one of the major issues that constantly draw media attention in the world of today, since it is a new factor that threatens national security in the 21st century. The very terrorist attack that occurred on the 11th of September, 2001 in particular was so destructive that it is considered to be tantamount to an act of war in terms of its effect on the entire nation and whole society. Furthermore, the so-called 9/11 symbolizes all the more conspicuously the destruction of human civilization and the intensification of the feeling of terror that remains immanent deep inside of the human mind. The international community, therefore, intends to reach consensus and come up with various efficient measures aimed at preventing terrorism. As these measures may be categorized into the group of laws and that of policies and be explained as such, I would rather focus on the former in this study . First of all, the UN adopted the resolutions #1368 and #1373 on the 12th of September, 2001 to define terrorism as a major threat to the world peace and make it imperative to block the funding of terrorist organizations and the provision of their logistics. In the same vein, the US passed a bill, entitled USA Patriot Act 2001, on the 19th 0f September, 2001 in order to enhance counter-terrorist operations of investigation agencies, while Japan enacted a law that penalizes the funding of criminal acts against the public in 2002. France had already established a law (LOI 86-120, also known as 09 Septembre 1986 LOI relative a la lute contre le terrorisme et aux atteintes a la sureté de I'Etat) on the 9th of September, 1986. The main content of such bills and laws overseas is as follows: Firstly, definition of terrorism and designation of terrorist organizations; Secondly, supervision over terrorist suspects and enhancement of investigative powers; Thirdly, strengthening of customs service in terms of security at the airport and seaport; Fourth, vigilance over money laundering of foreign funds and terrorist funds; Fifth, sharing of information and reorganizing of counter-terror agencies; Sixth, stricter punishment of terrorists; Seventh, enlargement of jurisdictions. In Korea, as well, anti-terrorist bills were presented to the National Assembly in November, 2001, March, 2005, and October, 2008. They, however, ended up exposing some of their limitations: Firstly, possible infringement on human rights by those bills. Secondly, question of the mobilization of regular armed forces. Thirdly, monopolization of powers by specific State agencies. This study intends to allow these matters to be discussed reasonably and systematically, so as to come up with their improvement measures. For that purpose, this study suggests that the function of checks and balances be re-established amongst State agencies and the respect of basic human rights be re-enforced by enacting such laws aimed at controlling abuse of power or arbitrary execution of State powers.

A Study on the Student Rights and Autonomous School Policies

이발래 | 2009, 43(3) | pp.451~472 | number of Cited : 6

Etude sur le Service Public en France

이순우 | 2009, 43(3) | pp.473~490 | number of Cited : 2

A Study on The Unconstitutionality of The Criminal Conversation - Focused on The Criticism of The Conclusion of the Constitutional Court 2008. 10. 30, 2007HunGa17 -

Lee Hie Houn | 2009, 43(3) | pp.491~510 | number of Cited : 6

Le Droit Européen Dans L'ordre Juridique de L'Etat Membre par Voie de la CJCE(ECJ) et la CEDH(ECHR)

JEON HOON | 2009, 43(3) | pp.511~528 | number of Cited : 8

Il est nécessaire de connaître la question des rapports entre l'ordre juridique communautaire et les ordres juridiques nationaux. Le droit européen se caractérise par l'applicabilité immédiate et directe et la primauté du droit communautaire sur le droit national. Le développement du droit européen résulte des efforts de la Cour de justice des Communauté européenne(CJCE), institution judiciaire de l'Union européenne(communautaire) et de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme(CEDH) qui protège des droits de l’homme prévus par la Convention européenne. La CJCE, siège à Luxembourg et assure le respect du droit communautaire, l’interpréation et l’application des traités instituant l’Union europénne. Elle a pour tâche d’as surer que la législation de l’UE est interprétée et appliquée uniformément dans tous les États membres, de manière à assurer la sécurité juridique et la primauté du droit pour tous. La mission essentielle de la CJCE consiste, telle une cour suprême ou constitutionnelle, à examiner la légalité des actes communautaires et à assurer, notamment par l’examen des renvois préjudiciels, une interprétation et une application uniformes du droit communautaire. La CEDH, institué en 1959, siège à Strasbourg, est une juridiction internationale compétente pour statuer par des arrês obligatoires sur des requêtes individuelles et interéatiques de violations de la Convention europénne des droits de l’homme. Elle assure le respect par les Etats des obligations de la Convention europénne des droits de l’homme. Les arrêts de CEDH concernant la laïcité(Kokknikaki en 1993, Leyla Sahin en 2004) donnent une guide d'interprétation pour le juge national, Conseil d'Etat en France. Le méchanisme de coopération instauré par l'article 234 TCE offre une grande latitude au juge national qui est finalement maître du renvoi préjudiciel même si la primauté du droit européen est admis dans l'ordre juridique de l'Etat membre.

L'étude sur la Inconstitutionnalité de la Limite D'âge D'entrée Dans la Fonction Publique

JEON Hak-Seon | 2009, 43(3) | pp.529~548 | number of Cited : 1

L'article 25 de la Constitution coréenne dispose que ‘tout citoyen est admissible à tous les emplois publics comme prévu par la loi’. Tout citoyen a le droit de l'égalité d''accès aux emplois publics. L'accès des citoyens à la fonction publique est dominé par un principe général de valeur constitutionnelle. Le principe de l'égal accès aux emplois publics signifie d'abord que tous les citoyens peuvent avoir accès à la fonction publique s'ils réunissent par ailleurs les conditions générales d'accès. Il interdit qu'une fonction publique soit réservée à une catégorie de citoyens ou encore que les fonctions publiques soient férmées à certaines catégories de citoyens. La loi relative à la fonction publique et le même règlement prévoient un âge minimal et un âge maximal pour les concours de la fonction publique. Pour le 5ème degré, l'âge maximal était fixé 32 ans et pour le 6ème et le 7ème, 35 ans. La Cour constitutionnelle coréenne a décidé que pour le 5ème degré 32 ans est contraire à la Constitution. Elle a admis que la limite de l'âge maximal d'entrée elle-même n'était pas contraire à la constitution, mais elle était trop bas. Il n'est pas raisonnable que les personnes jusqu'à l'âge de 32 ans minimum sont nécessaires pour l'accomplissement de fonctions officielles de la fonction publique à la 5ème degré et les personnes de plus de 32 ans, de perdre une telle exigence minimale. En outre, il n'est pas raisonnable que la limite d'âge de l'être candidat à la fonction publique en 5ème classe est l'âge de 32 ans tandis que celle du candidat à la fonction publique dans les 6ème et 7ème degré est l'âge de 35 ans. En conséquence, la restriction de l'âge de candidat à la fonction publique en 5ème classe jusqu'à ce que 'l'âge de 32 ans “par la règle de disposition d'application dans ce cas est unconformable à l'article 37 section 2 de la Constitution exige que la restriction des droits fondamentaux d'être moins restrictive un. Toutefois, la restriction de l'âge de candidat à la fonction publique en 5ème degré n'est pas interdite dans la pleine échelle et de la restriction minimale nécessaire pour l'efficacité de la nomination de fonctionnaires publics et de leur exercice de fonctions officielles dans le cadre de la limite d'âge est permise. La limite doit être décidé par le législateur envisage diverses mesures législatives telles que l'âge limite de la fonction publique, les politiques du personnel et l'ajustement d'une offre et la demande de main-d'oeuvre. Par conséquent, nous avons émis l'avis de unconformable à la Constitution. La décision dans cette affaire est la première décision que la Cour constitutionnelle a déclaré inconstitutionnelle la limite d'âge dans le droit d'occuper des fonctions publiques. Ministère de l'Administration et de la sécurité à réviser les plans de fonctionnaire de nomination à la règle selon la teneur de la décision de la Cour constitutionnel d'être à la Constitution unconformable.

Wahlberechtigung des Volks im Ausland und Reform des Wahlgesetzes

Jeong Kuk Won | 2009, 43(3) | pp.549~570 | number of Cited : 13

The Critical Interpretation on Marriage and Family in Article 36 Constitutional Law

Youngh Jung | 2009, 43(3) | pp.571~592 | number of Cited : 8

The remarkable change in Korean traditional patriarchy Family system with resulted in the social specialization of industrialization might be witnessed through those index of population statistology after 1960s. An important character of those changes made minimize the scope of family and emerged into the multifarious shape and formations of families in according to the effect of urgent Urbanization. For example, An improvement of women's education level and the increase of their employment made lead to a considerable change of societal values among women and it brought out a late marriage and a decline of birth rate. With the consequence that we have to face with the critical and indispensible change on the constitutional policies and legislatures with related marriage and family institutions. Although we shall confront with the family liquidation in recent, The Article 10 of Constitutional law make burden on state to be responsible for maximum protection of fundamental human rights. However Article 36 of Constitutional law shall prescribe the basic principle of marriage and equality of both sexes, but our Constitutional law has not enacted the scope of protection on a marriage and a family as well as leaves the basic rights of family open toward a jurisdictional power. First, I shall research the effects on the family law of constitutional interpretation about marriage and family in constitutional law and do the legal nature and contents of article 36 clause 1. Second, It is concerned with the meaning of maternity and legal nature and a scope of protection related the article 36 clause 2. Third, I am concerned on the essential scrutiny rule to enforcement the validities and contents on the marriage and family in Constitutional law article 36 shall be enforced to realize the human dignity and value and the right to live substantially as human being and of a family living community.

With Proposal to Cyber Defamation Law Enactment and Freedom of Expression

Choi Kyeong Ok | 2009, 43(3) | pp.593~618 | number of Cited : 5

A Study on the Revision of French Constitution in 2008

Han Dong-Hoon | 2009, 43(3) | pp.619~642 | number of Cited : 10

The American Constitutional Law and the Freedom to Marry

Soon Chul Huh | 2009, 43(3) | pp.643~664 | number of Cited : 1

It has been said that marriage is not only a foundation to form a family, but also the most fundamental relation to our very existence. However, what is marriage? A law dictionary defines marriage as a legal union of a man and woman as husband and wife. But, in Goodridge v. Dep't of Pub. Health, the court said that it is the exclusive and permanent commitment of the marriage partners to one another as a union of any two persons regardless of their sexes. In the U.S., the institution of marriage is a creature of state law. Two forms of marriage have been authorized: one is civil marriage that is solemnized by a person authorized to perform marriages, the other is a common-law marriage, which is a marriage without formal solemnization. The U.S. Supreme Court cases that purport to recognize a fundamental right to marry do not provide any core definition of the right. Only when the state refuses to let certain people into the state-defined institution, or when the state violates the anti-discrimination principle, does the Court apply constitutional protections. The right to marry is principally a product of three cases. The initial decision is Loving v. Virginia, where the Court struck down a ban on interracial marriage. It stressed that “freedom of choice to marry” may “not be restricted by invidious racial discrimination.” In Zablocki v. Redhail, the Court invoked the Equal Protection Clause to strike down a Wisconsin law forbidding people under child support obligations to remarry unless they obtained a judicial determination. The Court announced that “the decision to marry has been placed on the same level of importance as decisions relating to procreation, childbirth, child rearing, and family relationships.” In Turner v. Salfi, the Court added that marriages are often recognized as having spiritual significance--and that “marital status often is a prerequisite for” a number of material benefits, including property rights. In the U.S. some scholars say that they are skeptical of the official institution of marriage and it should be abolished. Meanwhile, the Court has declined to intervene with the realm of domestic relations and also emphasized that it is appropriate for the federal courts to leave domestic relations to the state court. Even if the words of the Article 36 (1) of the Korean Constitution--“both sexes”--should be understood not to permit same-sex marriage as some scholars argue, the legal question whether it is legislatively desirable or not is totally different one. Furthermore, it also should be reviewed whether the institutions such as civil union and domestic relations may be adopted in Korea.

The Legal Status of the “Fishing Entities” in the Regional Fisheries Management Organizations - The Case of Taiwan -

Jeong Gab Yong | 2009, 43(3) | pp.665~684 | number of Cited : 1

From ancient times, fishing has been a major source of food, the welath of aquatic resources was assumed to be an unlimited gift of nature. However, with the dynamic development of fishing skills need to provide a new framework fo the better management of marine resources. Traditionally, the subjects in international law have been considered to be states, while “Fishing Entities” have been regard as subject of international law only since 1990's and proliferation of the various international organizations. The past decade vast changes has happened in the new international law of the high seas fishing, the old aged “freedom of fishing” has changed into the “international management system”. “Fishing Entities” as subjects of international law has been changed rapidly, in particular Taiwan is regared as an “Fishing Entities” in several regional fishery management organizations (RFMOs). This study is aimed to analyze the legal concept of the “Fishing Entities(Case of the Taiwan) in the international fishery management organization, especially, 1995 UNFSA, FAO-COFI, CCSBT, WCPFC, IATTC, ICCAT, IOTC. The legal capacity and personality of the “Fishing Entities” depends on the convention of the specific RFMO, is composed of various factors that are name, position, participation and vote in the Commission and Sub-Committee, measures of conservation and management (boarding and inspection, VMS, scientific observer, control on the fishing vessel, port state control, collection and report of the scientific statistics, quotas, limits of the fishing vessels and their capacities, amendment of the Convention, etc.. It appears that claiming and fighting for a status as an “Fishing Entities” in the future, strengthens the “personality” and “legal capacity” of it as a subject of international law in various RFMOs. As a conclusion, Korea is a major high seas fishing country, it needs to promote mutual cooperation concerning high seas fishing and strengthen the good relationship of fisheries management between Korea and Taiwan.

A Study on the Self-Regulation Model of the Advertisement Through Internet

JI, SEONG WOO | 2009, 43(3) | pp.685~704 | number of Cited : 5

Examination on the organization & status of the elderly income security system

정회근 , Kim Hun | 2009, 43(3) | pp.705~734 | number of Cited : 4

American Special Judicial Police for Environmental Protection

Moon-Hyun Koh | 2009, 43(3) | pp.735~752 | number of Cited : 3

Both general judicial police and special judicial police have the power to investigate environmental crime under Korean legal system. According as public administration is getting specialized, special judicial police are made for its professionalism and efficiency. Special judicial police for environmental protection as well as all kinds of special judicial polices have a poor expertise on account of withdrawal of services through frequent personnel shifts, overwork and a thriving economy atmosphere by a local government head so for. Special judicial police are grounded on investigating specific administrative field such as environmental administration in order to enhance proficiency of an investigator with expertise. Accordingly, there are two ways to enhance specialization. One is to keep present system with securing skilled investigators. The other is to adopt an independent organ which has exclusive power to investigate environmental crime. This paper holds up both Office of Criminal Enforcement, Forensics and Training(OCEFT) of EPA and environmental conservation officer(ECO) who inspects environmental pollution and investigates environmental crime as a representative example of the latter. The Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance(OECA), working in partnership with EPA Regional Offices, State Governments, Tribal Governments and other Federal agencies, ensures compliance with the nation's environmental laws. Employing an integrated approach of compliance assistance, compliance incentives and innovative civil and criminal enforcement, OECA and its partners seek to maximize compliance and reduce threats to public health and the environment. OECA is composed of Office of Administration and Policy(OAP), Office of Civil Enforcement(OCE), Office of Compliance(OC), Office of Criminal Enforcement, Forensics and Training(OCEFT), Office of Environmental Justice(OEJ), Office of Federal Activities(OFA), Federal Facilities Enforcement Office(FFEO), Office of Site Remediation Enforcement(OSRE). Office of Criminal Enforcement, Forensics and Training(OCEFT) directs EPA's Criminal program through both the Criminal Investigation Division and the Homeland Security Division. OCEFT provides a board range of technical and forensic services for civil and criminal investigative support through the National Enforcement Investigations Center. Criminal Investigation Division(CID) Special Agents investigate the most significant and egregious violators of environmental laws which pose significant threats to human health and the environment. EPA CID Special Agents work within a structure of sophisticated environmental science and technology. EPA's CID Special Agents bring with them diverse backgrounds and a variety of work experience. The Legal Counsel Division(LCD) is responsible for providing legal support and guidance on all legal and policy matters pertaining to criminal enforcement of environmental laws and the operations of NEIC and HSD. The National Enforcement Investigations Center(NEIC) serves as the principal source of science and technical expertise providing support for unique and/or complex civil and criminal investigations having national impact on EPA and state regulatory programs for air, water, toxics, pesticides, radiation, and solid waste pollution control. The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation's(DEC) Division of Law Enforcement(DLE) has the great tradition. The oldest law enforcement organization in New York State remarkably began with a contingent of eight men appointed as Game Protectors in 1880. Since then, DLE has grown to a force of more than 300 uniformed Environmental Conservation Police Officers(ECOs) and plain clothes investigators. Their dedication to duty has its roots in a long and proud tradition of fish and wildlife enforcement, that also includes environmental protection today. 2005 marks the 125th anniversary of DEC's DLE. It is high time that Korea should introduce tentatively named ‘Environmental Conservation Officers’ such as EPA's CID Special Agents and Environmental Conservation Police Officers(ECOs) of DEC's DLE in order to respond more quickly and effectively to environmental crime.

Delegation und Verweisung

Hyonsoo Lee | 2009, 43(3) | pp.753~770 | number of Cited : 6

The Improvement of Current Legislations about the Transparency of the Local Finance

Im, Hyun | 2009, 43(3) | pp.771~792 | number of Cited : 14

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Legislative Study of Coast Management for Environmental Preservation

Woo-Suk Chae | 2009, 43(3) | pp.793~808 | number of Cited : 2

A Critical Review on the Personal Information Protection Law

Kwon, Hun-Yeong | 2009, 43(3) | pp.809~826 | number of Cited : 18

Since 1990s, Korea has been achieved a remarkable progress in e-government. Because administrative informatization-centered e-government policy inevitably entailed electronic processing of personal information, the area of establishing appropriate legal basis and managing legal procedures for handling personal information electronically has to be one of the essential areas of e-government policy. As a part of legal efforts, the Korean government enacted ‘Public Information Privacy Law’ in 1994, and ‘Public Information Privacy Law’ triggered to advance the field of personal information protection in detail. During Roh Administration(2003-2007) Korea's 20 year long and enormous efforts towards e-government finally were rewarded. The Korean government actually obtained successful results from all e-government initiatives. On the other hand, debates on personal information protection became a hot issue in the Korean society, and the best example is the resistance against NEIS(National Education Information System) happened at the every beginning of Roh Administration. After this event, the Korean government tried to improve personal information protection law by social discussions and experts' studies. However, this personal information protection improvement initiative failed while being discussed at the national assembly because the government did not specify the exact name of the responsible authority. Lee Administration, the successor of Roh Administration, has been working on the same subject but using a different approach. It reformed the governmental structure, but it did not change the actual contents. The most important thing in Korea now is to clarify where the responsibility of personal information infringement administration lies and expand the organization and human resources so that the use of personal information can be carefully monitored. Even though all above are not enough, it is preferential for the government to accomplish the legislative improvement of personal information protection law early

KJCKorea
Journal Central

Public Land Law Review 2023 KCI Impact Factor : 1.14

2009, Vol.43, No.3