2019, Vol.87, No.

Legal Issues and Prospects on the Relationship Between Real Estate Public Land Price and Real Estate Tax System

SUNG, JOONG TAK | 2019, 87 | pp.1~25 | number of Cited : 4

Änderungsrichtungen des Baugesetzes für Anpassungen des Klimawandels - Bezüglich der deutsche nationale Strategie in Gebäude -

Kil Joon Kyu | 2019, 87 | pp.27~56 | number of Cited : 2

Residents Participation in Urban Planning Process

Woo-Suk Chae | 2019, 87 | pp.57~80 | number of Cited : 5

A Comparative Study on Supervision & Control System in PFI between Korea and Japan - Including Establishment of Management Agency after Ending of Project -

Hwang Jihye | 2019, 87 | pp.81~110 | number of Cited : 9

Private Finance Initiative(PFI) in Korea, has many problems. These problems can be summerized in three ways: ① high SOC (Social Overhead Capital) fee comparing to SOC fee managed by the state, ② lack of transparency, ③ heavy financial burden through the Minimum Revenue Guarantee(MRG). These problems are caused by uneffective PFI project supervision & control. To solve these problems, the writer suggests solutions through comparative study between Korea and Japan. Also the writer suggests, for the stable PFI project, establishment of the management agency after PFI project ended. For the effective solution for PFI project supervision & control, the following three ways can be considered: ① division of responsibility for SOC users(including people living near SOC) between public sector and private sector, ② demand for public sector to revise PFI contract, ③ Right of Termination of PFI contract for public interest. In Korea, private sector has the responsibility for SOC users(including people living near SOC), On the contrary, in Japan, public sector has the initial responsibility for SOC users(including people living near SOC), then public sector can claim against private sector later. In Korea, “demand for public sector to revise PFI contract” and “Right of Termination of PFI contract for public interest” are legislated in “Act of PFI" and “Act of Toll Road”. On the contrary, in Japan, there are no legislation about “demand for public sector to revise PFI contract”(“Right of Termination of PFI contract for public interest” is legislated). But Japan has some cases which can be considered for future arrangement of legal institution of PFI. The management agency after PFI project ended can be considered in three ways: ① the states(Re-nationalization), ② private sector(PFI), ③ public-private partnership(PPP). Manage SOC by the states is uneffective solution because this solution need a lot of national finance. Management of SOC by public-private partnership(PPP) is also uneffective solution because this solution has same problem with PFI. For this reason, the writer considers improvement of project supervision & control as main task for maintaining PFI.

Verdeckte polizeiliche Maßnahmen zur Gefahrenabwehr

Wolf-Rüdiger Schenke | 2019, 87 | pp.1023~1044 | number of Cited : 0

Verdeckte (heimlich erfolgende) polizeiliche Gefahrenabwehrmaßnahmen beinhalten besonders schwere Grundrechtseingriffe. Soweit sie die Telekommunikationsfreiheit betreffen, sind sie an Art. 10 GG zu messen, soweit sie in das Wohnungsgrundrecht eingreifen, an 13 GG. Sind weder Art. 10 GG, noch Art. 13 GG tatbestandlich einschlägig, greifen verdeckte polizeiliche Gefahrenabwehrmaßnahmen in das durch Art. 2 Abs. 1 GG i. V. m. Art. 1 GG geschützten Recht auf informationelle Selbstbestimmung ein. Wegen der Schwere der mit solchen Maßnahmen erfolgenden Eingriffe sind sie an das Vorliegen besonders strenger verfahrensrechtlicher und materiell-rechtlicher Voraussetzungen gebunden, die durch die 2016 zur Verfassungsmäßigkeit des Bundeskriminalamtsgesetzes ergangene Entscheidung des BVerfG zum Teil noch erheblich verschärft wurden. Daraus ergaben sich Pflichten des Bundesgesetzgebers wie auch der Landesgesetzgeber zur Nachbesserung der polizeirechtlichen Regelungen, die verdeckte Gefahrenabwehrmaßnahmen zum Gegenstand haben. Solche besonderen verfahrensrechtlichen Voraussetzungen betreffen bereits die Zuständigkeit für ihre Vornahme (häufig bedürfen sie richterlicher Anordnungen), die grundsätzlich bestehende polizeiliche Pflicht zur nachträgliche Unterrichtung Betroffener über die ihnen gegenüber getätigten Maßnahmen sowie Löschungs-, Protokollierungs- und Auskunftspflichten. Zudem ergeben sich für die Polizeibehörden Berichtspflichten gegenüber den Parlamenten, die teilweise bereits im Grundgesetz und in einzelnen Landesverfassungen enthalten sind. Überdies unterliegen die Polizeibehörden, die für die Anordnung verdeckter Maßnahmen zuständig sind, insoweit einer verschärften, periodisch durchzuführenden Aufsicht. Materiell-rechtlich sind verdeckte Gefahrenabwehrmaßnahmen nur zum Schutz besonders hochwertiger Rechtsgüter (wie Leben, Freiheit und Gesundheit) zulässig, soweit diese gefährdet erscheinen. Teilweise muss für diese Rechtsgüter sogar eine besonders qualifizierte konkrete Gefahr (so z. B. nach Art. 13 Abs. 4 GG) bestehen. Unzulässig ist eine umfassende und lückenlose Überwachung von Personen. Auch Eingriffe in den Kernbereich der privaten Lebensgestaltung sind nach der nicht unumstrittenen Auffassung des BVerfG stets unzulässig. Auch solche besonderen Vertrauensverhältnisse, die nicht bereits dem Kernbereichsschutz unterfallen, werden durch den einfachen Gesetzgeber oft vor verdeckten polizeilichen Maßnahmen geschützt. Erfährt der durch einen verdeckte polizeiliche Maßnahme Betroffene nachträglich von deren Vornahme, kann er im Wege einer verwaltungsgerichtlichen Feststellungsklage gem. § 43 VwGO darauf klagen, dass die Polizei zu einer derartigen Maßnahme ihm gegenüber nicht berechtigt war. Aus dem nationalen Recht wie aus dem Recht der EU ergibt sich bei rechtswidrigen verdeckten Maßnahmen ferner eine Schadensersatzpflicht, mit der auch Ersatz für immaterielle Schäden verlangt werden kann.

Die Überprüfung der Wirksamkeit sicherheitsrechtlicher Regelungen

Jan Ziekow , Axel Piesker | 2019, 87 | pp.1045~1064 | number of Cited : 0

Evaluationen von Sicherheitsgesetzen, inbesondere im Bereich der Abwehr terroristischer Bedrohungen, führen zu Ergebnissen, die Aussagen in unterschiedlichen Bereichen ermöglichen. Zum einen gibt eine Evaluation Hinweise darauf, ob die organisatorischen Arrangements der Sicherheitsbehörden, ihre Zusammenarbeit untereinander sowie ihre Tätigkeit angemessen sind, um die Ziele des evaluierten Gesetzes zu verwirklichen. Zum anderen kann eine Evaluation Ergebnisse zu der rechtlichen Frage liefern, ob die Rechtsanwendung mit den Zielen und Grenzen des Gesetzes in Einklang steht und insbesondere den Grundsatz der Verhältnismäßigkeit beachtet. Beim Erlass von Gesetze im Sicherheitsbereich, die gerade im Bereich der Terrorismusbekämpfung weitgehende Befugnisse der Behörden vorsehen, ist nahezu immer umstritten, ob die Eingriffsbefugnisse die verfassungsrechtlichen Grenzen überschreiten. Einerseits ermöglichen es die mit Hilfe der Evaluation gewonnenen Informationen dem Gesetzgeber, nachträglich zu überprüfen, inwieweit die Maßnahmen zur Erreichung der politisch intendierten Ziele beigetragen haben und mit welchen Grundrechtseingriffen die Anwendung der Eingriffsbefugnisse tatsächlich verbunden war. Diese verstärkte Folgenorientierung wird nicht nur von der sog. neuen Verwaltungsrechtswissenschaft, sondern auch vom Bundesverfassungsgericht propagiert. Darüber hinaus ergibt sich für den Gesetzgeber die Möglichkeit, zu kontrollieren, wie die Sicherheitsbehörden die rechtlichen Vorgaben in der Praxis umsetzen und ob dieses Verwaltungshandeln der Intention des Gesetzgebers entspricht. Da die Evaluation von Sicherheitsgesetzen in der Regel nur auf der Grundlage der Erhebung und Bewertung von Daten möglich ist, stellt sie hohe Anforderungen an die Sicherheitsüberprüfung der Evaluatoren und den Umgang mit den Daten. Daürber hinaus sind Gesetzesevaluationen vor allem dann nutzenstiftend, wenn sie einen integrativen Ansatz verfolgen, der die rechtswissenschaftliche mit der sozialwissenschaftlichen Perspektive verbindet, da nur dadurch eine umfassende Evaluierung von sicherheitsrechtlichen Regelungen ermöglicht wird. Allerdings sind Gesetzesevaluationen ein ergänzendes Instrument zur Kontrolle der Anwendung der erweiterten oder neu geschaffenen Eingriffsnormen im Sicherheitsrecht. Sie können und sollen die bisher existierenden Instrumente nicht ersetzen, sondern insbesondere dem Parlament mehr Möglichkeiten einräumen, die von ihnen auf den Weg gebrachten Regelungen zu.

Die polizeirechtliche Verantwortlichkeit

Josef Ruthig | 2019, 87 | pp.1065~1083 | number of Cited : 0

An verschiedenen Stellen hatte sich gezeigt, dass die allgemeinen Regeln über die polizeirechtliche Verantwortlichkeit durch gesetzliche Regelungen überlagert werden, ja dass sie nicht zuletzt aus verfassungsrechtlichen Gründen durch spezielle Vorschriften zu ergänzen sind. Dies galt für die Reichweite von Sicherungspflichten genauso wie für die Konkretisierung von Verhaltenspflichten, die im Rahmen der Theorie von der unmittelbaren Verursachung herangezogen werden können. Dies führt einerseits zu einer gesetzlich fundierten Ausdifferenzierung der polizeirechtlichen Verantwortlichkeit, führt andererseits aber auch zu einer gewissen Erosion der dargestellten allgemeinen Grundsätze. Überall dort wo die Verantwortlichkeiten Berührungspunkte zum Unionsrecht und zugleich zu digitalen Techniken aufweisen, werden die Haftungsfragen (noch) komplexer. Dies betrifft angesichts des Inkrafttretens der europäischen DatenschutzRL sämtliche Informationseingriffe, aber eben zunehmend auch weitere Konstellationen. Beispielhaft genannt sei die seit längerem diskutierte „Zustandsverantwortlichkeit“ eines Access-Providers für die Nutzung seiner Infrastruktur. Aber auch eine „Verantwortlichkeit für Algorithmen“ wird im Urheber- und Markenrecht bereits intensiv diskutiert, wenn Suchmaschinen Internetinhalte filtern und sich die Frage stellt, inwiefern auch der Plattformvertreiber für die dann personalisiert präsentierten Inhalte verantwortlich ist. Es ist nur eine Frage der Zeit, bis solche Fragen auch das öffentliche Recht erreichen. Zugleich müssten die zivil- und strafrechtlichen Überlegungen zur Verantwortlichkeit stärker in der öffentlichrechtlichen Diskussion berücksichtigt werden. Die Rechtsfiguren der polizeirechtlichen Verantwortlichkeit sind abstrakt und wertungsoffen genug, um sich auch solchen Herausforderungen zu stellen. Aber das wäre dann eher das Thema für eine weitere deutsch-koreanische Tagung zum Rechtsvergleich.

Die „drohende Gefahr“: Gefährdung eines rechtsstaatlichen Polizeirechts?

Ralf P. Schenke | 2019, 87 | pp.1085~1107 | number of Cited : 3

The most important goal of German police law is to avert threats to public safety and order. The concept of danger has a long tradition in German police law. The Prussian Police Administration Act of 1931 already stipulated that the police could only intervene in the rights of citizens if there was a "danger". Danger was understood to mean a situation which, if it continued unhindered, would give rise to serious fears of damage. According to the case law of the Prussian Higher Administrative Court, the danger did not have to be imminent. However, the occurrence of the damage had to be at least as probable as its absence. The federal states after 1949, which in the Federal Republic have the legislative competence for general police law, also oriented themselves on this model. In principle, encroachments on fundamental rights are only permissible if there is a danger. The mere assumption that a situation is dangerous is not sufficient. In response to new threats, this classic constitutional concept of police law has been further developed in recent decades. This change was triggered by the terror of the "Red Army Faction", which carried out numerous attacks on politicians and public institutions in the 1970s and 1980s. Other impulses for the further development of police law came from the fight against so-called "organized crime", i.e. organized drug trafficking, but also human trafficking. The attacks of 11.9.2001 and Islamist terror marked a central turning point. New police powers have been created in Germany, as in many other countries, to ward them off. These new police powers allow the police authorities to secretly interfere with fundamental rights in order to clarify a dangerous situation. In contrast to traditional measures, the police can therefore take action in the run-up to a danger. To this end, there must be sufficient factual indications of a danger situation. Examples include the use of covert investigators, directional microphones or telecommunications surveillance. A reform of Bavarian police law in July 2017 goes one step further. It is now also permitted to intervene in the causal process, which can be based on an extended general clause in the event of imminent danger. The article discusses the objections raised against the new powers. Violations of the principle of certainty and the principle of proportionality are criticized. This criticism is only partially convincing. The concept of imminent danger goes back to the case-law of the Federal Constitutional Court. If the facts of the imminent danger are interpreted very narrowly in accordance with the constitution, they are likely to correspond both to the requirement of certainty and to the principle of proportionality. The criticism of interventions in the causal process is not convincing. These are open measures, so that the Administrative Procedure Act applies. This means that it is necessary to hear the parties concerned, who can defend themselves against the suspicion. This also has consequences for the principle of certainty, which can be lowered in its requirements in the case of open measures. However, it has not been regulated against whom the measures are to be directed. The legislator should clarify the law here.

Verfassungsrechtliche Probleme der elektronischen Aufenthaltsüberwachung

Annette Guckelberger | 2019, 87 | pp.1109~1128 | number of Cited : 0

Seit 2011 können bestimmte verurteilte Straftäter nach der Entlassung aus der Haft zur Feststellung ihres Aufenthaltsortes elektronisch überwacht werden. Seit 2017 haben der Bund und einzelne Länder eine Befugnis zur elektronischen Aufenthaltsüberwachung (EAÜ) von Personen geschaffen, die noch keine schwere Straftat begangen haben, bei denen man aber annimmt, dass sie eine solche in absehbarer Zukunft begehen werden. Man erhofft sich dadurch, die Überwachten von der Begehung terroristischer Anschläge abhalten zu können. Es wird sich erst noch zeigen müssen, ob diese neuen Befugnisnormen einer verfassungsgerichtlichen Prüfung standhalten. Da die EAÜ nur Auskunft über den Aufenthaltsort des Betroffenen gibt und die Fußfessel unter der Kleidung verborgen werden kann, lässt sie sich mit der Menschenwürdegarantie vereinbaren. Ein Verstoß gegen den Nemo-tenetur-Grundsatz lässt sich nicht feststellen. Zwar greift die EAÜ in gewichtiger Weise in das Recht auf informationelle Selbstbestimmung ein. Dieser Grundrechtseingriff lässt sich jedoch nach überwiegender Meinung angesichts der gesetzlichen Befugnisnormen, die einem legitimen Zweck dienen und dem Verhältnismäßigkeitsgrundsatz genügen, rechtfertigen. Ähnlich verhält es sich mit dem Betreten der Wohnung zur Aufstellung oder zur Wartung der in der Wohnung befindlichen Home-Unit. Art. 13 Abs. 7 GG gestattet derartige Eingriffe aufgrund eines Gesetzes zur Verhütung dringender Gefahren für die öffentliche Sicherheit und Ordnung. Sofern trotz Home-Unit Angaben über den Aufenthaltsort des Betroffenen in der Wohnung gewonnen werden, sind diese Daten unverzüglich zu löschen. Da es in solchen Konstellationen aber zur Überwachung von Wohnungen durch technische Mittel kommt, richtet sich die Rechtfertigung derartiger Eingriffe nach Art. 13 Abs. 4 GG. Eine technische Wohnraumüberwachung darf nur zur Abwehr dringender Gefahren, d. h. nicht wie nach Art. 13 Abs. 7 GG zur Verhütung dringender Gefahren, erfolgen. Da nach den Befugnisnormen die EAÜ bei Vorliegen einer drohenden Gefahr zulassen, sind diese Vorschriften verfassungskonform anzuwenden. Fraglich ist, ob das BVerfG Überlegungen zur Überprüfung dieser Maßnahme am Maßstab des Art. 13 Abs. 7 GG anstelle von Art. 13 Abs. 4 GG aufgrund der geringen Aussagekraft der Aufenthaltsdaten folgen wird.

The Paradigm Shift and Tasks on Violation for Public Use and Compensation

kyungkyu seo | 2019, 87 | pp.111~140 | number of Cited : 5

Verfassungsrechtliche Probleme der elektronischen Aufenthaltsüberwachung

Han Minji | 2019, 87 | pp.1129~1143 | number of Cited : 1

A Study on the Mountainous Districts Management for the Preservation and Utilization of the Efficient Mountainous Districts - Focusing on Management Plan and Classification of Mountainous Districts -

Jeong Hoe Gun | 2019, 87 | pp.141~162 | number of Cited : 1

In Korea, mountainous district account for more than 63.7% of the national land area. Reasonable mountainous district management is necessary for harmonious conservation and utilization of mountainous district. The Mountainous Districts Management Act stipulates the Master Plans for Management of Mountainous Districts and the Classification of Mountainous Districts for the management of the mountain areas. In recent years, the social demands and demands for the mountainous areas are changing drastically due to population growth, industrialization, urbanization, aging, and disappearance of local cities. Especially, due to the urbanization of the city, demand of urban development for mountainous district is increasing. The increase of the national income is a factor for resting space in the forest to relieve the fatigue of city life. At the present time, the type and value of mountainous district are changing in accordance with changes in society. Macroscopic and ecological management for harmonious use and conservation of mountain areas is becoming very important. The demand for new development is continuously increasing in the development of mountainous district, mainly in mountainous district around the city. This is an indiscriminate mountain area, and it will form the unexplored mountain development. Undeveloped mountain areas destroy the natural environment by damaging the forests. Landslides, which cause enormous damage to people's lives and property, are caused by weather changes, heat waves, and heavy rain. However, the more important cause is the secondary damage caused by the over-exploitation of the mountain area. Of course, the development of mountain areas will be necessary for economic development, but it is necessary to develop reasonable mountain areas with minimum mountain development. Due to the various situations of modern society, the people are changing the values about the mountainous district. It is very important to manage the mountain area for harmonious use and conservation of the mountain area in accordance with changing social conditions. Therefore, for the present and the future, we plan to establish rational standards for mountain management plan and division of mountainous area to reduce the damage of mountain development and to promote economic development.

Legal study for efficient management of national underground spatial information

Kim Chang-Hwee | 2019, 87 | pp.163~188 | number of Cited : 4

Human lives are living in a sea of various and abundant information. The kinds of information are countlessly various and all humans are living in the information taking necessary information that is common and basic. Among such information, the spatial information is the utmost as it provides the basis for living. Though information itself is important as it exists, it will be even more valuable and meaningful if and when it is used to solve problems. According to legal definition, spatial information means the information on location of both natural and artificial objects existing in spaces such as ground, underground, surface, and underwater and the information necessary for the spatial recognition and decision-making relating to the location information (National Spatial Data Infrastructure Act, Article 2, Paragraph 1). Spaces are the place of the basis for human living. Objective information on such bases, along with time-related information, comprise the core information to consider for optimal decision-making on daily human lives and further, affect even to the behaviors and attitudes of humans. In modern times, there are continuous vertical and horizontal expansions of space usage due to the development of and concentration on urban cities. The background that enabled this continued expansions is the spatial information. With the coming of the fourth industrial revolution, accumulation of spatial information shows different amount, categories and ways compared to the past. Those spatial information is utilized usefully in almost every area such as construction, civil engineering, urban cities, traffic, environment, agriculture, disaster, safety, and national defense as well as politics, economy, society and culture. Specifically, underground spaces in relation with living safety attracted less attention on spatial information due to its location and further it was not easy to collect, analyze and find out such information. However, the possibility of systematic development of underground spaces as well as the occurrences of ground subsidence, road sinking, and earthquakes caused increased attention to underground spaces and with more and more various scientific technologies the information collection on underground information reached a far-different level than in the past. As such, it now came to establish three-dimensional integrated maps on underground spaces for safe and systematic underground management. This study reviewed the 'three acts on spatial information' and the 'Special Act on Underground Safety Management' for efficient management of such underground spaces.

A Legal Review of the Land to the tillers Principle and the Management of Inherited Farmland under the Constitution

Heo, Kang Moo | 2019, 87 | pp.189~209 | number of Cited : 4

The Korean Constitution declares the Land to the tillers Principle in the paragraph 1 of the article 121 and prohibits the tenant system, while the paragraph 2 recognizes the lease and consignment of farmland resulting from the need for the improvement of agricultural productivity and rational use of farmland or inevitable circumstances as provided by law. In principle, the Farmland Act prohibited the acquisition of farmland by non-farmers as well as ownership. However, while allowing heirs and others a certain exception to restrictions on farmland ownership in the paragraph 2 of the article 6, it has maintained the Land to the tillers Principle by using the disposal order and compulsory enforcement system. However, in February 2019, the Supreme Court decided that “if farmland was acquired through inheritance, it could not be required to dispose of inherited farmland according to the paragraph 1 of the article 10 of the Farmland Act, as it could be owned up to 10,000 square meters even if it was not engaged in agricultural management according to the subparagraph 4 of the paragraph 2 of the article 6 and the paragraph 1 of the article 7.” This study is a critical review of the 2017DU65357 ruling (the ruling concerned) sentenced by the Supreme Court on February 14, 2019 on the scope of the paragraph 1 of the article 10 regarding disposal orders under the Farmland Act. The review looked into the meaning of the Land to the tillers Principle under the Constitution and the purpose and basic idea of legislation of the Farmland Act, followed by the interpretation of the Farmland Act in light of the Constitution, which the ruling concerned primarily focused on, the meaning of the provisions of the articles 6 and 7 of the Farmland Act, the scope of the paragraph 1 of the article 10 concerning the order of disposal under the Farmland Act, and the form of illegality judgment of the ruling concerned.

A Study on the Effective Implementation of Urban Renewal Projects in terms of welfare - A Study on Convergence with Redevelopment Promotion Projects -

ShinPyeongWoo | 2019, 87 | pp.211~228 | number of Cited : 1

The strategy of responding to the revitalization of the original mind is as important as the environment, structure and enforcement of policy decisions that determine and execute as any reasonable alternative. Basically, legal readjustment is needed to recognize the problems with the original planner and to promote the activities of the relevant entities and to strengthen the government's administrative and financial support. In addition, the Act on the Establishment of Wondoority Restoration Zone, the Establishment of Basic Plan and Basic Plan for Promoting Wondoor Hearts, the Act on the Promotion of Wondoority and Promotion of Basic Plan, the Act on Promotion of Improvement of Wondooring Hearts in Korea, the Support for the Improvement of Local Government's Business Sector in Wondooring Areas, the Specialization of Local Loan City System for Act, the Act on the Act on the Act on the Act on the Act on the Act on the Act on Promotion of the Promotion of Community and the Promotion of Community and the Promotion of the Promotion of Community and the Promotion of Public Administration of Private Capital Through such promotion of enactment and revision legislation, measures should be developed for comprehensive round-the-table solution, and more effective means of execution should be defined. By systematically readjusting urban planning and business laws, such as the National Territory Planning Act and the Urban and Housing Environment Improvement Act, and enacting a “(tentative) WPPM Act” separate from the existing Act, the Commission should synthesize pilot projects on the revitalization of the original plan and rationalize the contents that overlap or conflict with the existing Act so that feasible primary core project projects can be carried out. In the hope of an in-depth legal review of the legislation or revision bill in the current government that is undergoing urban regeneration, this research paper briefly drew up the amendment to the Act “Special Act for the Promotion of Urban Renewal” First, the burden of sharing for the natives should be reduced by drastically improving business feasibility. To this end, it is necessary to consider and legislate a plan to revise down the current rental housing construction obligation ratio of less than 50% and less than 75% of the increased floor space rate for residential purposes of the readjustment promotion project, in relation to article 31 of the Urban Renewal Act and article 34 of the Enforcement Decree of the same Act. Second, it is also necessary to discuss a legislative review to raise the support ratio for infrastructure installation costs specified in Article 29 para 1 of the Urban Renewal Act. In addition, the transparency of the project should be continuously enhanced by clarifying communication, including reflecting the opinions of residents.

Legal issues and Implications of the Long-Term Continuous Construction Contracts – Supreme Court 2018. 10. 30., 2014Da235189 -

Hong, Sung-Jin | 2019, 87 | pp.229~257 | number of Cited : 6

In the Supreme Court 2018. 10. 30., 2014Da235189, the majority of the opinions determined that the contract amount cannot be increased on the grounds of extension of the total construction period because there is no legal binding force for the entire project contract of long-term continuous construction contracts is linked according to the conclusion of each annual contract. In contrast, the minority opinions decided that the legal force should be recognized of the entire project contract because the contract partner would deprive itself of the opportunity to obtain adjustment of contract amount due to extension of the total construction period. A long-term continuous construction contract is realized as a general contract, and an annual contract is merely a technical and expedient separation of a single contract by several different levels depending on the budget situation. In particular, even if there is a break in the annual contract or an extension of the construction period of the annual contract due to the responsible reason of the order, the orderer may extend the total construction period by adding the annual contract to the next annual contract by including the construction cost. In this case, if the legal force of the entire project contract is denied, the contract partner can not apply for the adjustment of contract amount, and the overhead cost must be paid unilaterally. The entire project contract shall be applied as the execution standard for long-term continuous construction contracts and the payment of overhead cost for extension of construction period, and the order authority shall pay additional overhead cost in accordance with the legal principles on adjustment of contract price. To this end, the state and local governments shall revise the “Enforcement Decree of the Act on Contracts to which the State is a Party” and “Enforcement Decree of the Act on Contracts to which a Local Government is a Party”, “General conditions of construction contract” etc. to define the overall contract as the enforcement standard for adjusting of contract price, and provide a legal basis for the extension of the period of the order in which the order is not attributable to the other party. In addition, Government procurement should be regarded as a contracts in public law because it has the nature of financing, problems of control of the officials in charge, and other specificities than judicial contracts. Therefore, long-term continuous construction contracts should be regarded as contracts in public law and settled by a party suit under the “Administrative Litigation Act” to understand the reality of long-term continuous construction contracts. The party suit is an administrative suit due to its nature, but the administrative case dealt with as a civil procedure for convenience can be judged on the basis of professionalism and specificity, thus contributing to the relief of the people's rights. To this end, it is necessary to prepare a revision to the “Administrative Litigation Act”, together with a detailed discussion for the application of long-term continuous construction contracts to as the cases of Party suit.

The footsteps of administrative law and public land law - Focusing on land planning law -

KIM, NAM WOOK | 2019, 87 | pp.259~285 | number of Cited : 3

A study on Fees of the Real Estate Brokerage and Appraisal

Lim, Suk-Nyeo , Kang. Tae-Hwan | 2019, 87 | pp.287~301 | number of Cited : 4

Since the 2000s, the value of real estate has soared in the global low interest rate trend. Korea is no exception. The decline in the benchmark interest rate is due to floods in the market and the rise in real estate prices. However, as the regime entered into force, it has prevented the rise of real estate prices through strong real estate regulation and financial regulation, but it is unclear whether such regulations will last long. In Korea, the proportion of construction and real estate in the economy is too large. Real estate is a very important asset to our people, although it is a little less lately. Therefore, the majority of people have a lot of interest in real estate. The first real estate activity that you encounter when you first encounter real estate in your social life will be your brokerage. If you sell real estate through intermediation, you will need a bank loan, and the second real estate activity you encounter at this time will be appraisal. As such, real estate brokerage and appraisal evaluation are the closest activities to the people in real estate activities. Thus, intermediation and appraisal are very closely linked with the economic life of the people, and real estate agents and appraisers who perform these activities play a very important role in the real estate economy. Therefore, the real estate agents and appraisers are entitled to fair compensation, and should be able to carry out normal economic activities through reasonable remuneration, but objective and reasonable intervention and appraisal will be made, which will contribute to the development of the national economy. However, there is a lot of controversy about the current brokerage commission and appraisal commission system, which is the difference between the reversal of commission fees, the amount limit, the sale and lease, and the difference between the basic fee of the appraisal evaluation fee and the fee based on the remuneration standard. This is it. In this regard, we will identify the problem and examine the improvement plan.

Development Plans for Land Administration Law and Appraisal System - Focusing on Legal Disputes According to 3 Legislations of Appraisal and Assessment -

Myung-Ho， BAE | 2019, 87 | pp.303~333 | number of Cited : 1

Land administration law is a concept encompassing the appraisal and assessment system, and thus the development of the appraisal and assessment system can be said to be an academic progress of the land administration law. In this study, four legal disputes arise from the enforcement of the 3 legislations of appraisal and assessment that were established and promulgated on January 19, 2016. ① According to the appraisal and assessment act, it is desirable for the duty of good faith to be regulated as an ethical standard or a self-regulatory clause, rather than as a mandatory clause separately provided. It is proved that burdening of administrative responsibility was an excessive sanction in terms of comparative legal review as a legal effect on the violation of duty banning wrongful appraisal and assessment by gross negligence. Appraisal feasibility studies may disregard the purpose of professional license system, and furthermore, leaving the task to the Appraisal Board like today is also problematic. Thus, it can be a way of improvement to jointly establish the tertiary committee by mutual agreement. ② As for the 「Act on the Public Announcement of Real Estate Values」, what should be provided as appraisal and assessment has been mistakenly replaced by such terms as “inspection / assessment” and “inspection / calculation”, which may cause average citizens to be confused. Therefore, one single legal term of appraisal and assessment should be used according to the rationale that inspection / assessment = inspection/calculation (equivalent to inspection/assessment). ③ According to the Paragraph 1, Article 22 of 「Act on Appraisal」, no person can use “Certified Public Appraiser Office,” “Appraisal and Assessment Corporation” or other similar titles if the person is not an appraisal business operator. Furthermore, according to the Article 12 of 「Act to the Korea Appraisal Board」, the Appraisal Board does not perform any appraisal and assessment work. Therefore, a change in the mission of the Appraisal Board is incontestable since the status of the appraisal business operator is lost. ④ Although the purpose of introducing the 1989 [Act of Public Notice of Values] was to unify both of the license systems, it seems to be far from consistency in policy since the newly established dual system allows the Association and the Appraisal Board to co-exit. This study tried to suggest the problems in regard to the legal issues of appraisal and assessment in the three legislations of appraisal and assessment and their solutions. It is expected that the legislators will be aware of the people, the sovereign entity of making a constitution and the constitutional principles and do their best to perform legal improvement obligations.

A Legal Study on the Military Installation Plan and Construction

Kwonil KIM | 2019, 87 | pp.335~359 | number of Cited : 2

Eine rechtliche Untersuchung über die staatliche Verantwortlichkeit wegen der Verwendung von Bioziden für Luftbefeuchter

KANG, HYUN HO | 2019, 87 | pp.361~386 | number of Cited : 0

Die Fälle von BfL haben nach wie vor einen großen Einfluss auf unsere Gesellschaft, wie das Talidomid-Ereignis in Deutschland, und die Angestellten von Produktions- und Vertriebsgesellschaften werden verschiedenen Belastungen wie die Ermittlungsverfahren gegen die Staatsanwaltschaft und die Steuerermittlung ausgesetzt. Im Staat werden Anstrengungen unternommen, um die Opfer nach dem Sondergesetz zu entlasten. Der Staat leistet Opfern Abhilfe abgesehen davon, dass der Staat für den staatlichen Schadensersatz haftet. Für den Fall von BfL wird in absehbarer Zeit ein Urteil beim Berufungsgericht in Bezug auf die Haftung des Staates gefällt werden. Bei der Anerkennung der Staatshaftung spielt die staatliche Handlungspflicht eine große Rolle, in der der Staat die Gefahren durch Verwaltung und Überwachung schädlicher Chemikalien wie BfL vorzubeugen hat und insbesondere der Inhalationstoxizitätstest bei der Verwendung von BfL durchzuführen ist. Für die Beurteilung der staatlichen Handlungspflicht können die staatliche Aufgabe zum Schutz der Grundrechte, das Vorsorgeprinzip in der Risikogesellschaft, der Grundsatz des Untermaßverbotes, die Ermessensreduzierung und auch das Abwägungsgebot als Maßstäbe verwendet werden. M.E ist es die Zeit gekommen, dem veränderten Staatsbild Rechnung getragen zu werden. In der modernen Risikogesellschaft liegt der Schwerpunkt der staatlichen Aufgabe vielmehr im Schutz der Grundrechte der Bürger. Diese Rolle führt in dieser Risikogesellschaft den Staat zum Gewährleistungsstaat. Wegen der veränderten Staatsbild ist die Staatshaftung als ein Instrument der Risikoverteilung zu konzipieren. In der ersten Instanz lehnte das Gericht die staatliche Handlungspflicht und auch die Staatshaftung ab, jedoch ist in der zweiten Instanz zu erwarten, daß das Gericht allen relevanten Interessen Rechnung tragen und ein rationales und ausgewogenes Urteil treffen wird.

Issues of Police Investigation in Korea

Kwang-soo Kim | 2019, 87 | pp.387~407 | number of Cited : 1

Accurate information is needed for proper administrative activities. Administrative investigation and police investigation systems are provided to collect information from private persons. This article is to explain the system and practice of police investigation in Korea. The process of collecting the necessary information by police agencies should be legitimate. In other words, there must be a legal basis for the police investigation. Moreover, police investigations must comply with the procedures prescribed by law. In this article, the issue of modern police investigation in addition to the issues raised by traditional police investigations will be discussed. For instance, issues of an unexpected crackdown on drunk driving will be considered. It is also important to review the problems of the operation and management for video recording with a closed-circuit television (CCTV) in major traffic facilities and in private premises. Police investigations are a type of administrative investigation carried out for the aim of police administration purposes. The basis for this is the Police Officers' Job Execution Law and the Road Traffic Law. However, police investigations are likely to develop into police criminal investigations, so they must strictly follow legal grounds and procedures. Recent police investigations have pointed out the problem of drunk driving control and CCTV. In order to protect the public interest, the need for collection and utilization of information is increasing. However, protection of human rights and freedom is important, too. There are problems that cannot be solved only by the discussion on the conventional police administrative investigation. In this article, we discussed the issues of the police investigation in the past and dealt with the issues raised by the new administrative investigation methods for road traffic and child safety of these days. The legal issues of political investigation as the legal grounds, investigating procedures, and the legitimacy of dispositions based on unlawful investigations are evolving into other forms of issues. For example, it is the subject of discussion whether the setting of CCTVs can be enforced on private business premises and how the evidence obtained by them should be used. In the future, these problems are expected to boost the conflict between the promotion of public interest and the protection of privacy through police investigations. Through this forum, I hope to share the troubles of Germany and Korea for this issue and to exchange opinions on correct disciplinary measures.

Some Substantial and Procedural Issues of Naturalization in the Nationality Act of 2018

Hyonsoo Lee | 2019, 87 | pp.409~430 | number of Cited : 4

The amendment of the Nationality Act in 2017 has led to major changes in the substantive as well as procedural requirements of naturalization. Permanent residence status requirement is added to the traditional requirements for natualization, such as at least five years residence, good moral character, economic viability and civics knowledge including linguistic aptitude. Meanwhile, permanent residence and naturalization have several requirements in common. Good moral character, economic viability and civics knowledge are required for permanent residence status as well as naturalization. In order to assess the impact of the amendment of the Act, it should be discussed on the desirable relationship of the qualifications for permanent resident status and those for naturalization. Nationality Regulation 2018 requires absence of certain criminal records of the applicant alien as to the good moral character, it needs to be discussed whether or not the same standard should be required to be met by the applicant of permanent residence status. As to the economic viability, fixed amount of assets is required by the Nationality Act, instead of giving guidelines on various factors of consideration. It will be more helpful to give clear guideline on factors for the transparency and predictability of public authority’s decision making. As to the civics knowledge requirement, it is necessary to discuss whether the basic literacy standard as a socio-cultural community member and that as a member of a political community should be different or not, and if so, where can the dividing point should be found. Ceremonial elements such as oath of allegiance and certificate award is introduced by the new amendment. Strictly speaking, oath of allegiance is merely procedural ornament, certificate award is the indication of state’s willingness to accept the applicant as a fellow citizen. In a situation where practical benefits of the naturalization is not significantly greater than those of the permant residence status, the amendment of law reinforcing substantive and procedural requirements of naturalization is likely to set further barrier against a willingness of naturalization by foreigners.

L’étude sur la théorie de l’entreprise publique et la privatisation en France

Kim, Chul Woo | 2019, 87 | pp.431~451 | number of Cited : 1

Ces études portent sur la théorie de l’entreprise publique et la privatisation en France, le pays d’origine de la théorie du service public. Aujourd'hui, l'État a une position neutre dans la régulation et la coordination de l'ordre économique du marché, mais aussi un acteur économique en tant qu'entrepreneur qui dirige directement l’entreprise. Historiquement, l’ingérence économique de l'État s’était accrue en France durant la Première Guerre mondiale, qui est une guerre de mobilisation, et la théorie du service public commercial et industriel a été développée ainsi que la création d’entreprises à la place du secteur privé. La forme structurelle de l'entreprise publique française est un établissement public exerçant des activités commerciales et industrielles ou une société constituée de plus de la moitié du capital public. Par la suite, l’établissement public à caractère industriel et commercial a été utilisé pour déterminer le statut des sociétés nationalisées avant et après la Seconde Guerre mondiale. En même temps, les projets réalisés par des entreprises publiques peuvent être liés à des services publics commerciaux et industriels tels que le gaz, l’électricité et les chemins de fer, mais certains cas n’ont aucun rapport avec des services publics tels que la finance, les assurances et l’automobile. La relation légale d’utilisation des entreprises publiques fournissant des services publics commerciaux et industriels est soumise à la juridiction des affaires civiles, car elle a, en principe, la nature des relations judiciaires. Cependant, il est nécessaire de respecter les principes de base du service public dans ce cas précis. Si ces entreprises publiques sont privatisées, elles deviennent des compagnies à charte. Dans ces deux cas, il n’y a qu’une différence dans les entités de gestion résultant du changement organisationnel. La question des entreprises publiques et de la privatisation dans le droit administratif en Corée du Sud est aujourd'hui un sujet relativement récent, encore inachevé et reste encore sous influence de la théorie de l’établissement public d'Otto Mayer et de Fiscus, qui ont été jadis en vogue en Allemagne. En outre, la législation sur l’entreprise publique et la privatisation étant incomplète, elle repose en grande partie sur la théorie du droit administratif, allant du problème de la définition de concepts en passant par le statut juridique, jusqu’aux relations juridiques. À cet égard, la théorie française des services commerciaux et publics et de l’entreprise publique, dont nous avons déjà discuté, constituera un jalon très utile pour l'analyse de la législation des entreprises publiques en Corée du Sud.

A Study on the Improvement of the Legal System for Food Safety Management

Jang Kyo-Sik | 2019, 87 | pp.453~471 | number of Cited : 1

Because of recent food hazards, there has been a rising interest in food safety. In a modern society, it is routine for food manufacturers produce and provide foods through diverse manufacturing processes and multiple distribution steps. Therefore, it is critical to keep foods secure and safe after such manufacturing and distribution processes. Consumers have also asked for the supply of safe foods in addition to systematic food safety control. The government has improved food-related laws and food management systems and assured the qualitative and quantitative stability, making continued efforts for food safety. For the promotion of food industry, in addition, unnecessary regulations have been improved. According to recent government policy commitment and direction, local authorities need to ease regulations on food manufacturers as long as they do not have a considerable influence on food safety. Such posture also needs to be applied to new food fields concerning the Fourth Industrial Revolution. In the fields with very low risk, it is necessary to open up a door to new food industries through deregulation. In other words, it is important to make innovative products released to the market quickly. However, there should be a proper regulation, considering the reinforcement of regulation. It is required to clarify a scope of new types of foods under current laws and decide a permissible range in food processing and distribution as long as people’s rights are well protected. Furthermore, there should be a plan to efficiently remedy a food manufacturer’s unexpected violation of consumers’ rights. Ultimately, such improvements of food safety-related laws and systems can reduce people’s concern about food safety and protect their health through food safety. In addition, they could make a contribution to the establishment of effective self-regulations through which food manufacturers, processors and distributors are able to control risk effectively.

The Case Study on the The role of cancellation lawsuits for the resolution of public conflicts and the direction of judicial precedents - Direction of ‘Administrative Basic Law’ and flexibility of Administrative Action -

Sung Bong Geun | 2019, 87 | pp.473~502 | number of Cited : 2

The current Administrative Litigation Act has not been sufficiently enacted in relation to public conflicts. As the debate for the lawmaking of the Administrative Basic Law has begun, we have compared the two public conflict resolution decision cases of Supreme Court. And I have made the interpretation of court decision and proposed the new solution logic as a consideration of the method of the case law and direction of the administrative basic law. According to Supreme Court Decision of 2014.9.24, 2014 Chu 613, Supreme Court had decided that the dispute settlement decision of the Administrative office cannot be the disposition at all, and that it could not be subject to a revocation suit. In contrast, according to Supreme Court Decision of 2013.11.14. 2010 Chu 73, which is subject to comparison, Supreme Court had decided that he dispute settlement decision of the Administrative office has a function equivalent to the disposition, and it tries to resolve it by the agency suit. In these cases of 2014 Chu 613, the dispute settlement decision for solving the public conflict is completely denied of the possibility of the settlement through the appeal suit and Revocation suit. But the comparative case of 2010 Chu 73 had decided that these action of Government might be equivalent to the disposition. Decision of 2010 Chu 73 is much better idea than decision of 2014 Chu 613 for the remedy of public conflict. However, the approach of the comparative case of 2010 Chu 73 is also limited in that the possibility of settlement of disputes through litigation is very narrow due to the settlement of the Administrative Litigation Act of Article 45 of the Administrative Litigation Act, In particular, the current legal system, which can have the most professional and sufficient discourse on public conflict, is through Revocation Suit. But the problem is the concept and scope of the disposition of Administrative office. (Prof. Dr. in Law, Seo Kyeong Univ. You may email for this writing to Prof. Dr. Sung with this email address lawyer777@hanmail.net)

The review on the Introductory unit and Model establishment of the self-governing police system - Focus on Basic local government Introductory unit and Separate model -

Ko Heon Hwan | 2019, 87 | pp.503~524 | number of Cited : 9

The autonomous police system is a product of an age request to realize the ideology of local autonomy under decentralization, and it is very important to establish an introduction unit and model for the successful settlement of the self-governing police system, which will be expanded nationwide in the future. And it is very important to establish the introduction unit and model by introducing the self-governing police system to set the purpose and direction of the operation of the autonomous police, such as identity of the autonomous police, organization, division of office and independence. The introduction units and models of the autonomous police system should have their own merits and demerits and take into account the historical and political characteristics of the country, but the criteria that should be considered above all else is the autonomous self-governing body of the autonomous police. Self-governance is a local government ideology based on decentralization. In other words, the subject becomes a local resident and does it on its own under the authority of the local resident and the jackass. The essential elements of this concept of autonomy are decentralization, democracy, autonomy and independence. Moon Jae-in Seoul for the implementation of and according to the company expanded its national police systems, the government's pledge to nationwide implementation in 2021, starting with the Sejong City. Diarch independent from police state model and adoption in regional units of local governments pushing. Nevertheless, for the successful settlement of the self-governing police system, which will be expanded to the entire country in the future, the Eagle plans to focus on the introduction units of basic local governments and the dual-type independent of the national police system on the establishment of models and the introduction units of autonomous police systems consistent with the ideology of democracy and local autonomy.

Reform of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) System on State Contract - Focusing on Conciliation of State Contract Dispute Resolution Board -

Daein Kim | 2019, 87 | pp.525~548 | number of Cited : 1

A Study on the Administrative Law of the National Compensation Responsibility Changed by the 「Act on the Performance of Duties by Police Officers」

OH, JUN GEN | 2019, 87 | pp.549~566 | number of Cited : 3

Article 11(2) of the revised 「Act on the Performance of Duties by Police Officers」, which took effect on June 24, 2019, contains very notable. This regulation stipulates the duty of compensation to those who have suffered losses due to the lawful execution of police officers, The requirements include both those who are not responsible for the cause of the loss of life, body or property and those who are responsible for the cause of the loss but suffer life, body or property losses exceeding their own responsibilities. The indemnification regulation under the 「Act on the Performance of Duties by Police Officers」 is subject to the police officer's legitimate conduct of the execution of legal duty. It is not based on the premise of misconduct and therefore does not fall within the realm of administrative compensation according to the 「State Compensation Act」. It does not legally inflict special sacrifice on property rights for public service and does not belong to the scope of administrative loss compensation. Therefore, it is inevitable that it will be included in the third national compensation area. The indemnification provisions stipulated in the 「Act on the Performance of Duties by Police Officers」 have many features that it is difficult to incorporate directly into any of the third national compensation areas covered in the existing administrative law textbooks. An explanation could be attempted according to the respective loss compensation requirements using the theory of “Der Enteignungsgleiche Eingriff”, “Der Enteignende Eingriff” and “Der Aufoferungsanspruch”, which are developed in the German customary law. But the above theories have a common legal tradition unique to German law, so for the Republic of Korea, it can never be enough to explain the loss compensation introduced in the 「Act on the Performance of Duties by Police Officers」. In the Republic of Korea, such customary law is not formed by precedent like in Germany and the scholars' arguments were not accepted by the court. Because the actual law specifically prescribed indemnification, discussions of administrative law should be shifted to interpretations of the actual law, not to the introduction of the customary law in Germany. This paper stems from the small wish that the Korean administrative law textbook would actively accept the changes in the actual law concerning the national compensation liability made in the third area.

Neue Entwicklungen im Bereich des präventiv-polizeilichen Handelns in Korea

Song Dongsoo | 2019, 87 | pp.567~592 | number of Cited : 0

In den letzten Jahren hat die Tendenz der Gesetzgebung in Deutschland zugenommen, die Polizeirechte dramatisch zu stärken und sie als Mittel zur Kriminalprävention einzusetzen. Die Stärkung der Polizeirechte in Deutschland ist ein Mittel zur Bewältigung des internationalen Terrorismus und der wahllos verübten internationalen Verbrechen. Im Mai 2018 hat der Freistaat Bayern sein Polizeiaufgabengesetz (BayPAG) durch Änderungen gestärkt, z. B. die Voraussetzung bestehender Polizeieinsätze verringert, seine Wirksamkeit gestärkt und neue Befugnisse geschaffen. Ausdrücklich gebraucht wird der Begriff “drohenden Gefahr” etwa in Art. 11 Abs. 3 BayPAG. Demnach liegt eine “drohende Gefahr” vor, wenn “im Einzelfall ... an absehbarer Zeit Angriffe von erheblicher Intensität oder Auswirkung zu erwarten sind.” Infolgedessen hat sich der traditionelle Begriff des bestehenden konkreten Gefahr weitgehend zurückgezogen. Im Gegensatz zu Deutschland ist Korea kein Bundesstaat. Korea hat ein einheitliches Rechtssystem, das in allen Regionen gilt. In Korea gibt es keine Regelung wie BayPAG, das den Begriff der drohenden Gefahr in Bezug auf Generalklausel der Polizei aufnimmt. Natürlich wird in Korea weiterhin die Notwendigkeit des präventiv-polizeilichen Handelns betont. Korea ist auch verschiedenen Arten von Gefahren, wie Kriegsgefahr aus dem Norden und internationalen Kriminalität ausgesetzt. In Korea wurde nach der gesellschaftlichen Kontroverse im Jahr 2016 das “Antiterrorgesetz für nationalen Schutz und öffentliche Sicherheit(Anti-Terror-Gesetz)” verabschiedet, das den staatlichen Institutionen umfassende Befugnisse einräumt. Darüber hinaus gibt es verschiedene Arten des präventiv-polizeilichen Handelnsm, wie Gefahrenminderungstendenzen, umfangreiche Vorabinformationen und –erhebungen, Personenkontrolle, präventiver Zutritt und wahllose Videoüberwachungsanlagen. Der Ausbau der präventiven Polizeifunktion führte zwar zu einer Einschränkung der Grundrechte des Volkes, die Kontrollfunktion der Polizei sollte jedoch gestärkt werden, die Regelungen zu den damit verbundenen Gesetzen sind jedoch unzureichend. Daher sind Gesetzesänderungen erforderlich, um die Anforderungen und Auswirkungen der Arten von Verstößen gegen die Grundrechte bei präventiven Polizeieinsätzen strenger zu regeln.

A review on the self-governing police system of the current government from the stance of residents’ welfare

WON JUNG KIM , Yang Cheol-Ho | 2019, 87 | pp.593~606 | number of Cited : 0

A Study on Automatic Administration action at IT Administration

Kim, Ki-Ho | 2019, 87 | pp.607~639 | number of Cited : 11

Due to industrialization, informatization, complication, and diversification following the advances in science and technology, the living environment of people in today’s world is changing rapidly. Administrative services are also required to respond to such environmental changes by establishing scientific and practical administrative systems, with a particular urgency in the development of flexible administrative laws regarding the utilization of information and communication technologies. First, to implement a properly integrated electronic administrative system, it is necessary to specify regulations regarding automated administrative activities and to support them via legal authorities. Another requirement is to create detailed criteria for automated administration programs depending on their characteristics, such as whether they are based on machine learning technology or deep-learning technology. In addition, a standard to ensure the objectivity of data collection, as well as sustained management procedures for the collection of data, must be established and disclosed to prevent bias in the collected data and to ensure a fair automated collection of data. Therefore, given that automated administrative activities are endowed with legal effects and a fair and sustained management standard is created to ensure their objectivity and predictability, completely automated administrative activities can be allowed in a limited manner depending on their technological levels. The literal interpretation of Article 17 and Article 24 of the Administrative Procedures Act is that applications for disposition to an administrative agency or the method must be in writing, and the law does not allow applications using electronic documents. However, this is allowed if there are special provisions in other laws. As the Administrative Procedures Act is the basic law on administrative procedures, and considering the rules and the structure of the integrated electronic administrative system, it is more appropriate to regulate electronic documents the same way as paper documents when they are used to apply for disposition to an administrative agency or as a method thereof. According to Article 15 of the Administrative Procedures Act, the delivered document becomes effective “upon arrival of the relevant document to the person to receive the service,” and Article 21 of the same law stipulates that prior notice of disposition shall be given “to such parties” referring to people who are affected by the disposition. The issue, then, is whether the meaning of “to such parties” points to individuals receiving the disposition or the location of such individuals. Considering that the legislative intent of the Administrative Procedures Act is to protect the rights of citizens by ensuring their participation in the administrative process, it will be more appropriate to amend the phrase in the law to mean the moment at which the administrative documents or the like are delivered to parties that are affected by the disposition of the government agency. In the same way, the time at which the recipient of the electronic document confirms the receipt should determine the effectuation of dispositions delivered electronically, in order to meet the objectives of the electronic government, which is to enhance the citizens’ administrative service convenience. Access to the public sector via the information and communication network is a crucial right for people living in the contemporary era. Such a right to access information is deduced from the access rights when discussing the freedom of expression in constitutional theory; there must also be no discrimination on the basis of the region, economic status, or physical condition of an individual. Therefore, such elements must be incorporated into the basic principles on the establishment of the electronic government system. Thus, the Electronic Government Act should be amended to make it mandatory to consider enhancing the right to access information for socially marginalized groups or such groups of people, thereby bringing a related impact to other laws. The right to information self-determination held by data subjects is a basic right not enumerated in the constitution; it guarantees that data subjects may determine for themselves the scope and limitation regarding the use of their personal information. This is not an inviolable and absolute right, and in comparison, with other rights or values (publicness in the community), the scope and details of its protection is limited. To implement this concept in practical terms, the concepts of personal information must be categorized, and personal information agreement policies must be improved. In other words, personal information should be divided into information that can be used to identify an individual—such as name, resident registration number, and image—and information that cannot be used to identify an individual on its own but can do so in combination with other types of information. The agreement to use the former type of information should be made simpler and more practical by policy, while the use of the latter may be preemptively controlled by requiring advance certification by the Personal Information Protection Commission, along with introducing an opt-out policy to establish a harmonized regulatory system. Despite the advent of automated devices harnessing the power of artificial intelligence and information and communication technology in the age of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the lack of a corresponding legal system causes an imbalance in the establishment of the rapidly evolving electronic administrative system. Under such practical issues, delays in the development of rules specifying the legal matters regarding automated administrative activities are hampering the objectives of the electronic government. Therefore, the administrative law system must undergo a transformation to organize common items required for administrative activities and establish advanced administrative procedures that can accommodate the challenges of this age of artificial intelligence.

Recent Trends and Implications of Chemical Substance Management in the EU

Cho Tae-Je , Jae Yoon Park | 2019, 87 | pp.641~673 | number of Cited : 2

The REACH Regulations, implemented in 2007, has been a major EU regulation on chemical substances and has had a impact on Korea's chemical regulations. As the registration period for chemicals into the REACH substance`s lists ended in 2018, chemicals manufactured or imported in quantities of 1 tonne or more per year without registration of REACH lists can not be manufactured or imported in the EU market. The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), which is in charge of the enforcement of the REACH Regulations, announces the second review report of the REACH Regulations in March 2018, in order to assess its performance and to set the direction for future management of chemicals. As REACH Regulations are leading the management of chemical substances globally and Korea is one of the product country of chemical substances, it is necessary to pay close attention to the direction of the future REACH Regulation. ECHA sets out 16 specific action guidelines, including managing information and knowledge of chemicals through the supply chain, strengthening risk management, and enforcement about regulation of chemicals. In particular, to improve the quality of chemical information, enhance the traceability of SVHC system, and the to enhance the instruments of regulation, thoses seem to be a key task of new REACH regulations. Furthemore for the effective and effective management of chemicals, the REACH Regulation will continue to promote the development of alternative chemical substances and the support of SMEs also. It is expected to continuously restrict the harmful substances contained in consumer products and further strengthen regulations on micro plastic, nanomaterials, and endocrine disruptors that have not been recognized before. Therefore, it is necessary for us to pay attention to the regulation trends of EU and respond in a timely manner.

Die Rechtliche Überlegung zum Verwaltungs-Realakt

Seok,Ho-Young | 2019, 87 | pp.675~698 | number of Cited : 2

Die Verwaltungs-Realakte sind alle diejenigen Verwaltungsmassnahmen, die nicht auf eienen Rechtserfolg, sondern auf einen tatsächlichen Erfolg gerichtet sind. Dadurch unterscheiden sich von den Rechtsakten der Verwaltung wie z.B. Verwaltungsakt, Verwaltungsvertrag, Rechtsveordung und die Satzung. Dabei ist zu bemerken, dass der Verwatungs-Realakt zur Abgrendzung zum Verwatnsakt nicht nur der für Verwaltungsakte typische Regelungscharakter fehlt, sondern dass er auch nict auf einzelfälle beschränkt ist und einseitig erfolgen muss. Im Lehrbuch und in der Literatur befasst man sich am meistens mit der allgemeinen Darstellung über den Verwaltungsrealakt, wobei der Fragen zum Rechtsschutz sowie haftungsrechtlichen Argumenten wenig befasst worden sind. Obwohl man den Chrakter des Verwaltungsrealakt nicht als Verwaltungsakt oder Rechtsakt zu verstehen vermögen, sei es aber nicht bedeuten, dass der Verwaltungsrealakt vom rechtsstaatlichen Grundsäte nicht unterliegen werden sollten. Damit ist es zu besagen, dass der Verwaltungsrealakt wie gleich der Veraltungsakt als Verwaltungshandlung der Verwatung im Verwaltungspraxis keine grosse Unterschiede zu finden ist. Daraus ergibt sich, dass die Rechte der Bürger durch den Realakt verletzt werden kann. Dann taucht der Frage auf, wie man verwaltungsprozessrechtlich einzugehen kann. In der Regel kann man gegen rectswidrigen Verwaltunsakt die Anfechtunsklage erheben. Die Rechtssprechung vertritt der Meinung, dass die schlichte Verwaltungshandlungen in der Regel als Verfügung anzuerkenen kann. Dieser Beitrag beschäftigte sich mit Rechtsnatur der Verwaltungsrealakte und der Rechsschutzmöglichkeiten der Rechtsverletzten durch Verwaltungsrealakte sowie der staatshaftungsrechtlichen Fragen um die dogmatische und rechtstheoritische Fragen zu klären. (You may email for this writing to Ho-Young Seok with email address king6544@hanmail.net)

Legal and institutional improvement measures to ensure the effectiveness of school violence prevention;

Eun Eun Young | 2019, 87 | pp.699~727 | number of Cited : 6

A Legislative Study on the Concept of Pseudonymised Informationand Processing Conditions

KIM, IL HWAN , Kwon Geonbo | 2019, 87 | pp.729~761 | number of Cited : 9

The current 「PERSONAL INFORMATION PROTECTION ACT」 establishes all personal information as a subject of protection, and then has separate protection for sensitive personal information. Personal information protected under this Act is required to be information ‘about living individuals.’ However, the recent development of the Internet of things, the activation of personal information by the entry into the big data society is required. As a result, criticism has been raised that the scope of personal information in Article 2 (1) of the Act is too wide. Therefore, in this paper, in order to harmonize the protection and utilization of personal information based on the review of the concept of personal information provided in the current law, the introduction of pseudonymised information and its legal system are reviewed. First, in the definition clause of Article 2 of the 「Personal Information Protection Act」, “pseudonymised information” is used as a concept distinguishing from “anonymous information” which means information that personal information is no longer recognized by a specific individual. It is necessary to define it as “pseudonymised information” so that it can no longer recognize a specific individual. Next, Article 18, Paragraph 2, Item 4 of the 「Personal Information Protection Act」 shall be amended to “Provide pseudonymised information processed so as not to be able to recognize a specific individual unless additional information is used, in which case, It may be used within a range that is reasonably recognized to be relevant to the purpose of the provision.” In addition, Article 29 to Clause 2 of the 「Personal Information Protection Act」 was newly added, and “the personal information processor is required to keep the additional information so that pseudonymised information combined with the additional information can not be recognized again. Technical, managerial, and physical measures must be taken.”

An Evaluation of so-called 4 Regulatory Sand Box Acts

BAE, BYUNG HO | 2019, 87 | pp.763~790 | number of Cited : 11

Issues and challenges about the legal status of AI robots - Focusing on Bryson's theory of legal personality -

KIM MINBAE | 2019, 87 | pp.791~813 | number of Cited : 15

Should AI robots be given legal personality? Should we consider it as an intelligent artifact? There is controversy over such issues. In other words, it is desirable to give the intelligent robot the legal status of new concepts such as electronic personhood and electronic personality according to the development of artificial intelligence. That is the point of contention. Scholars have increasingly discussed the legal status(es) of robots and artificial intelligence systems over the past three decades; however, the 2017 resolution of the EU parliament on the ‘electronic personhood’ of AI robots has reignited and even made current debate ideological. The European Commission has to establish certain statuses, such as electronic human beings, that are responsible for the damages that autonomous advanced robots can generate in the long term, and that AI robots make autonomous decisions, And encouraged them to apply electronic personality when they interacted independently. However, the proposal from the EU Parliament has triggered many criticisms and objections. In April 2018, 156 people, including artificial intelligence and robots experts, lawyers and entrepreneurs from 14 European countries, sent an open letter to the European Commission in early May and opposed the move to give the robot a legal status. In this open letter, it has been pointed out that giving a legal status of electronic character to autonomous, unpredictable and self-learning robots is problematic. They argued that they should be discarded in both technical, normative, legal and ethical perspectives. However, the EU Commission went further and published the Ethics Checklist for Artificial Intelligence on June 26, 2019. The European Commission on Artificial Intelligence has announced that it is preparing ethical guidelines for reliable artificial intelligence based on the policy recommendations of the High-Level Expert Group of Artificial Intelligence . However, the terms electronic human and electronic personality have the intention of giving a similar legal status to intelligent artefacts that humans already enjoy. However, a comprehensive discussion of the legal status of robots at different levels and the question of when the legal concept of electronic humanity will be introduced is needed. Examining AI and robots in the category of legal personality is surely an attempt to prepare for the future of technology change. But speaking is easy and difficult to do. In this paper, I’d like to consider whether AI and robot among the intelligent artifacts can be the subjects with legal personality. In particular, this paper examines the logic of Bryson, who takes a positive stance on the legal status of robots. In this paper, I’d like to examine the validity and limitations of Bryson's arguments and the points to be supplemented. Do we have to give electronic or human personality to robots? If so, what is the key argument? When is it time to give legal personality? I want to focus on this in my paper.

A Study on the Formation Of Norms for 'Personal Internet Broadcasting' in Era of Multimedia

JI, SEONG WOO | 2019, 87 | pp.815~844 | number of Cited : 0

With the recent development of ICT technology and the expansion of smartphone, ‘one person media’ has become activated. And as a result, broadcasting of individual media through the internet has become a social issue. The Internet is often referred to as "sea of information." Even though people are separated from each other in time and space, they can freely communicate and share common interests through the Internet. Recently, with the development of 5G broadband technology, a great amount of video information can be transmitted. And as a result, personal broadcasting (Internet Broadcasting Through Internet or Internet Personal Broadcasting) is rapidly activated. From the suppliers' point of view, it is possible to provide images in real time through a high-resolution camera. And consumers are able to watch broadcasts anytime and anywhere without restriction of time and space. However, illegal contents containing pornographic and violent nature are spreading indiscreetly through Internet broadcasting. In order to solve such problems, some argue that it is necessary to regulate 'internet personal broadcasting' in accordance with current broadcasting law. On the other hand, according to the view that respects freedom of expression on the Internet, it should be based on the general regulation of Freedom of Expression, rather than the strict regulation of broadcasting. In this paper, I analyze the present status of Internet personal broadcasting and its characteristics. Based on this analysis, I propose a desirable regulatory scheme for Internet broadcasting from the viewpoint of future law. In the future, it is necessary to govern content and structural regulation in accordance with broadcasting, only in case of necessity and only under strict conditions. However, such restrictions should be limited to the extent that freedom of expression of the Constitution is not hindered.

The Concept of damunhwa or multiculturalism in Korean law

Yongjeon Choi | 2019, 87 | pp.845~861 | number of Cited : 4

As of March 2019, the total population of Korea is 51,833,175 and there are 2,379,805 foreign nationals. The ratio of foreign residents to total Korean population is 4.59%. Korea is a multicultural society. Therefore, in the multicultural policy centering on 'multicultural families', it is necessary to shift the center of gravity to a multicultural policy centering on foreigners, including multicultural families. We will examine the concept of 'multiculturalism' in Korean law and try to explore the concept of 'multiculturalism', which enlarges the object. There is no direct reference to multiculturalism in the Constitution. However, the principle of cultural state, international pacifism, guarantees of legal status of foreigners, and acknowledgment of fundamental rights of foreigners show that multicultural society is recognized. In addition, about 49 laws, including the Multicultural Family Support Act and the Basic Law on the Treatment of Foreigners in Korea, prescribe multiculturalism, but most of them are about multicultural family support. In the long run, the population of the Republic of Korea will decrease and the number of foreign residents is expected to increase. In order to cope with this phenomenon, there should be a central administrative body that can integrate the foreign policy departments that are differentiated into each sector into one, and coordinate the policy for each sector from the social integration level, with the Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family as the central organization. It is also necessary to establish a basic law on the legal status of foreigners, such as the Basic Law on the Treatment of Foreigners and the Law on the Protection and Promotion of Cultural Diversity. Multicultural policies should respect and share the diverse cultures of different countries in order to respect cultural diversity and to accept good culture. Multicultural policies should be developed to harmonize the heterogeneity of youth culture, women culture, and local culture within the system. In other words, the area of culture in which multicultural policies are targeted is also expanding. Now, for the breakthrough of multicultural policy, we should extend the horizon to multicultural society with diverse cultures such as foreign workers and illegal immigrants, rather than accepting the concept of multiculturalism as a premise of 'family'. In other words, it is necessary to expand the scope of multicultural policies such as unmarried foreigners and foreign married couples with permanent residence, foreigners and foreign married couples who are staying to obtain permanent residence, and to provide them with legal, institutional Equipment shall be provided. By expanding the concept of multiculturalism in this way, foreigners in Korea should have the same legal status as the people of the Republic of Korea. For foreigners in Korea, nationality refers only to the area of origin, and should not be a reason for discrimination. All foreign nationals shall have their rights and responsibilities in proportion to their ability and status. They also need to ensure substantive equality. And we should make a legal system so that we can choose ourselves whether we will be assimilated into our culture, whether we will live in harmony with our culture while maintaining the culture of our own country, and can live a life worthy of such a decision.

The Study on effect for old-age income guarantee system on housing pension

Kim, Hun | 2019, 87 | pp.863~883 | number of Cited : 2

A Study on the Constitutionality Priority Question of France

BAEK YUN CHUL | 2019, 87 | pp.885~901 | number of Cited : 0

In France, the unconstitutional law review system was denied as the principle of national sovereignty and separation of power was established by the Great Revolution of 1789. In other words, as a result of the revolution, sovereignty was transferred to the people, and in reality, the body exercising it was the parliament, and the judicial body's examination of the Parliamentary Law was naturally against the principle of national sovereignty and separation of powers. On top of that, the Constitutional Court could not be recognized because the court had a conservative nature that hindered social reform and the judge was distrusted that he was making arbitrary trials. If the law is declared null and void once it is put into effect, there will be not much social confusion involved. To this end, a pre-qualification review can be made on laws, treaties, and rules of association under the Constitutional Court of the Fifth Republic of France. In other words, this refers to a system that examines the unconstitutional nature of a law before it is promulgated, and thus withholds its fear and enforcement if it is deemed unconstitutional. It is meaningful to adopt the system because once the law is enacted and nullified, it could undermine its legal stability. However, such a system was introduced in addition to the drastic amendment of the Fifth Republic Constitution, which took effect on July 23, 2008, to review the post-constitutional constitution of the law. This is referred to as a matter of post-constitutional review or constitutionality priority (QPC). This led to the existence of two methods in the review of the constitutionality of laws in France. The existing pre-examination and the post-examination introduced by the amendment. However, although this review is said to be a method based on the unconstitutionality, it is different from the U.S.-type secondary system. In other words, France's preliminary review of unconstitutional laws was made possible with the amendment of the Constitution on July 22, 2008, enabling the post-regulatory regulation of laws from March 1, 2010. Article 61-1 of the newly established Constitution stipulates unconstitutional judgment procedures for the current law in force, along with the existing pre-constitutional review system. In this paper, we will review the history of introducing QCA and review the significance of its introduction, while explaining the outline of this system.

The Role of Public Law in the Age of the Fourth Industrial Revolution

Chung Tae Jong | 2019, 87 | pp.903~920 | number of Cited : 4

La qualité à agir des associations de protection de l’environnement - À la lumière de la jurisprudence et de la législation en France -

MOON Kwangjin | 2019, 87 | pp.921~943 | number of Cited : 3

En France, l’intérêt à agir des associations de protection de l’environnement est reconnu par la jurisprudence administrative depuis les années 1950. Au début, leur requêtes avaient été largement et librement recevables par le Conseil d’État, mais celui-ci a de plus en plus concrétisé la notion d’intérêt à agir des associations environnementales en analysant le lien entre leurs statuts et l’acte attaqué. Le juge administratif a finalement fixé le critère d’appréciation de l’intérêt à agir des associations avec deux conditions : la condition territoriale et la condition d’objet. Puis, le législateur a commencé à intégrer la tendance de la jurisprudence dans les lois relatives à la protection de l’environnement à partir des années 1970. Cependant, ce pourvoir législatif limite leur droit d’accès à la justice en vue de prévenir les recours abusifs depuis les années 2000. Par conséquent, les associations doivent avoir été désormais créées au moins un an avant l’affichage en mairie de la demande du pétitionnaire pour saisir le juge de l’excès de pouvoir de la légalité de la décision relative à l’occupation ou l’utilisation des sols. Puisqu’en Corée, la notion d’intérêt à agir est étroitement interprétée pour l’appréciation de la recevabilité du recours en annulation, le droit d’accès au juge administratif des citoyens est plus restreint qu’en France. Il est donc difficile de contrôler par voie juridictionnelle la légalité de la décision administrative et de protéger les droits fondamentaux des individus, notamment en matière d’environnement. Bien que la réforme visant à élargir l’intérêt à agir ait été tentée plusieurs fois par le Gouvernement et la Cour suprême, les projets de modification de la loi sur le contentieux administratif n’ont jamais été soumis au vote de l’Assemblée nationale. Pour cette raison, il est nécessaire d’élaborer une loi spéciale conférant aux associations de protection de l’environnement l’intérêt à agir contre les décisions administratives en matière d’environnement, ou de créer un tel article dans les lois relatives à la protection de l’environnement. Pour cela, il importe de se référer à l’expérience française relative à l’intérêt à agir des associations de protection de l’environnement car sa jurisprudence et sa législation cherche l’équilibre entre l’assurance du droit d’accès à la justice et la prévention des recours abusifs.

The Organization, Rights, and Duties of the National Assembly Seen with the Input, Output, and Feedback Functions.

Jeong Kuk Won | 2019, 87 | pp.945~965 | number of Cited : 1

Regarding the Constitution, by giving the legitimacy of the national power according to the principle of the citizens' national sovereignty and the principle of the democracy, the national power performs (produces) the function according to the principle of power separation. And, according to the principle of the law-governed country, the output makes the control of the input received (the feedback) again. Thereby, it has been making the principle of the citizens' national sovereignty and the guarantee of the rights of the citizens realized ideally. If, in the relationship between the citizens and the representative, there is only the input of the national sovereignty and no result of the output, it becomes the national function not operating to the extent of the desire by the citizens. And, if the output according to the input of the national sovereignty ends as the output only and if the function of the automatic adjustment cannot operate any longer, by being an exercise of the national power, which does not have a control, the waste of the national power is caused. One of the things that have been permanently establishing the road of the political input regarding the national power is the election system. The National Assembly, which is the representative organization of the citizens, gets organized according to the input of the election by the citizens, who are the voters. Clause 1, Article 41 of the Constitution has been regulating, 'The National Assembly shall be organized with the National Assemblymen who were elected through an ordinary, egalitarian, direct, and secret election by the citizens." For performing the function, the National Assembly, which had been elected by the citizens, shall have the organization with the Chairman of the National Assembly, the Vice-chairman (Article 48 of the Constitution), the committees, the negotiation bodies, etc. Through such an organization, the National Assembly exercises the rights, including the legislative right, the rights regarding the finance (The principle of no taxation without the law, the budget deliberation right, and the settlement evaluation right), the national affairs controlling right (The impeachment motion, the inspection of the government administration, and the investigation right), the right to organize the Constitutional organizations, etc. In order to guarantee the function of such an exercise of the right better, the National Assemblymen have the autonomy (The internal police authority and the right to prohibit the entry into the National Assembly and make one leave the National Assembly) and the special rights (The privilege of the freedom from arrest and the immunity). When seen from the functional aspect, such a thing is, indeed, the output. The examination regarding the output is the feedback. Together with the granting of the rights to the National Assemblymen, the Constitution has been regulating the duties, too. The obligation of the integrity, the duty of the prioritization of the national interests, the prohibition of the intervention in the rights, and the prohibition of holding more than one office, which are regulated in the Constitution are, indeed, them. Such duties are the feedbacks regarding the citizens who elected them. A problem is the point that such duties in the Constitution stop at the moral and ethical function. Seen from such a point, with regard to the National Assembly, there are the inputs and the outputs. Except, in fact, there are no feedbacks. The fact that there is no feedback function in this way makes the function of the principle of the citizens' national sovereignty, which is an essential element of the Constitution, powerless or weakened. To the National Assemblymen, who were elected by the citizens, the duties on the higher levels must be imposed. This is because the actions by the National Assemblymen, who comprise the representative organization of the citizens, do not only materialize the national function, but, also, they have the effect of the education of the citizens. Although the level of the citizens in one country decides the level of the representatives, the actions by the representatives heighten the dignity of the citizens. The strengthening of the feedback function fortifies the constitution of the National Assembly democratically. Not only that, eventually, not only does it improve the rights and promote the welfare of the citizens, of course, but, also, it makes the National Assembly for promoting the national interests. Hence, the duties of the National Assembly that are regulated in the Constitution must be specified more through the law. And it can be said that there is a need to make a strong system that goes beyond the moral and ethical duties and that enables the continuation to the loss of the National Assemblyman position. It is in this regard that the introduction, too, of a citizens' summoning system is needed. Although the feedback function is a duty that is given to the individuals who are the National Assemblymen, eventually, there is the importance with regard to the point that the responsibilities regarding the citizens, who are the sovereigns, are strongly secured.

Implications of the French Public Service Law on Korean Public Law

JEON, JOO YEOL | 2019, 87 | pp.967~996 | number of Cited : 3

A Study on the Legal Problems of Works Using Artificial Intelligence(AI)

Ryu Ji Woong | 2019, 87 | pp.997~1022 | number of Cited : 3

With the evolution of artificial intelligence (AI), production will explode in the future, and how to distribute it is an important social agenda. In addition, legal issues related to artificial intelligence (AI) are emerging in law. Are the artificial intelligence (AI) as the object of the norm as the development of science and technology, and will the extent of subject in the current normative system be extended to artificial intelligence (AI)? If this is the case, the legal approach to AI responsibility and liability to those who use AI should be considered first. Because the voluntary actions of those who own and use AI have an impact on humans as well as the world, the legal action against them is the subject of future discussions. In this Study, we discuss the issues related to artificial intelligence (AI), especially in the field of intellectual property, which is a combination of artificial intelligence (AI) and robots. First, we analyze the current technology of artificial intelligence (AI) and discussion on behavior subjectivity. Through this, we will examine the improvement of the normative system according to the current technological power and the degree of technological development of AI in the future. Two, Analyze the discussion of legal acts of AI. Specifically, it examines the issue of responsibility for whether to view the behavior of robot with AI (artificial intelligence) as an agent or as a tool. Finally, I would like to present the problem and improvement plan through the analysis of various legal issues related to intellectual property rights created by the activities of artificial intelligence (AI) through ① analysis of intellectual property rights in the Constitution, ② patent rights, ③ copyrights. In this study, rather than simply enacting and revising laws, research on the criteria of artificial intelligence (AI) should reflect all opinions of related fields such as scientists, ethics scholars, psychologists, lawyers, doctors, religious scholars, educators will be. In Korea, if a robot that is applied artificial intelligence has influence on social norms and a ministry dedicated to appropriate regulation and policy is selected, it is necessary to discuss whether a ministry is appropriate or an independent intellectual property committee composed of experts is appropriate.

KJCKorea
Journal Central

Public Land Law Review 2023 KCI Impact Factor : 1.14

2019, Vol.87, No.